tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83160973239935246612024-03-15T18:10:18.430-07:00Makalah MandarinAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-68942877283242010732014-12-17T21:35:00.002-08:002014-12-17T21:35:23.199-08:00Persamaan dan Perbedaan Kata yang Mengandung Arti Tingkatan antara Kosa Kata Bahasa Mandarin dan Kosa Kata Bahasa Indonesia<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB
I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span lang="IN">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
bahasa Mandarin, kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tingkatan banyak sekali
jenis-jenisnya. Dan setiap kata tersebut bila digunakan di kalimat yg
keadaannya berbeda akan memiliki arti yang berbeda pula. Tetapi tetap
menunjukkan arti yang mengandung tingkatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Begitu juga dalam bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia
juga memiliki banyak jenis-jenis kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tingkatan
atau menunjukkan sesuatu yang bersifat lebih. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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perbedaan dan persamaan yang terdapat dalam kata keterangan tersebut antara
bahasa Mandarin dan bahasa Indonesia. Kata keterangan yang menunjukkan
tingakatan atau memiliki arti yang menjelaskan sesuatu sifat yang lebih
memiliki arti yang hampir sama, tetapi sebenarnya berbeda dan cara
pemakaiannyapun berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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latar belakang dan hal-hal tersebut, penulis ingin meneliti tentang perbedaan
dan persamaan kata keterangan yang mengandung arti tingkatan antara bahasa
Indonesia dan bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Masalah
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agar
pembahasan penelitian ini tidak meluas, maka penulis memfokuskan permasalahan
pada penulisan penelitian ini dengan batasan hanya membahas kosa kata yang
sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <b>Tujuan
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tujuan dari penelitian
ini adalah untuk mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan kata yang mengandung arti
tingkatan antara kosa kata bahasa Mandarin dan kosa kata bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Manfaat dari penelitian
ini adalah menjelaskan kepada para pembaca untuk lebih jelas mengetahui
perbedaan dan persamaan kata yang mengandung arti tingkatan antara kosa kata
bahasa Mandarin dan kosa kata bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB
II</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
Keterangan Derajat dalam Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata keterangan
terutama dipakai untuk menerangkan kata kerja, kata sifat, menjelaskan
batasan-batasan sifat gerakan, waktu, derajat, frekuensi, kepastian dan
penolakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata keterangan derajat
adalah kata keterangan untuk menerangkan kata-kata sifat atau kata-kata
keterangan lainnya, dengan menentukan batasan-batasan derajat dari kata-kata
tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya kata sifat
atau kata keterangan lainnya yang diterangkan oleh kata keterangan derajat
ditempatkan di depan kata-kata tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada dasarnya, Kata keterangan
derajat dapat dibagi atas 2 kategori 6 tingkatan, sesuai dengan tingkatan dan
ciri-ciri kata keterangan derajat yang berbeda-beda pada kedua kategori, yaitu
kata keterangan derajat relatif & Kata keterangan derajat absolut.
Masing-masing kategori dapat dibagi lagi atas 3 tingkatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
keterangan derajat relatif dapat dibagi atas 3 tingkatan, yakni tingkat paling
tinggi, tingkat lebih tinggi & tingkat lebih rendah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat paling tinggi :
masuk kategori “paling”, misalnya “paling, paling sekali, dsb”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ingkat lebih tinggi : masuk kategori
“lebih”, misalnya “lebih, lebih lagi, dsb”; </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat lebih rendah : masuk kategori “sedikit”, misalnya
“sedikit, sedikit lebih dsb”; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata keterangan derajat absolut
dapat juga dibagi atas 3 tingkatan, yakni tingkat super, tingkat tinggi &
tingkat rendah : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat super : masuk kategori “terlalu”, misalnya “terlalu,
kelewat dsb”; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat tinggi : masuk kategori “sangat”, misalnya “sangat
dsb”;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat rendah : masuk kategori “sedikit”, misalnya
“sedikit, sedikit lebih dsb”; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa contoh kata keterangan
derajat dalam bahasa Mandarin yang sering</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">zuì</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan tingkatan tertinggi dalam
kategori kata keterangan derajat relatif, sepadan dengan “amat, puncak”.
Contoh: Kapankah waktu yang tepat untuk pergi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gèng : menerangkan bahwa bertolak
dari titik awal, suatu jumlah yang terus menerus bertambah atau berkurang.
Contoh: Li Qing belajar sungguh-sungguh, Yessica lebih sungguh-sungguh
belajarnya daripada Li Qing.<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hěn
: Menyatakan tingkatan yang lumayan tinggi, termasuk dalam kelompok kata
keterangan derajat absolut tingkat tinggi. Dapat menerangkan kata sifat,
sebagian kata kerja dan kata bantu bersifat kata kerja. Contoh: Eksperimen kali
ini sangat gagal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">太</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tài
: menerangkan tingkatan yang terlalu, artinya sepadan dengan “kelewat”, masuk
dalam kelompok tingkat super pada kata keterangan derajat absolut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Karangan ini ditulis terlalu
panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">有</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yǒu</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">点</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diǎn
: merupakan kata keterangan tingkat rendah pada kelompok kata keterangan
derajat absolut, mengandung arti agak atau sedikit. Contoh: Hari ini dia agak
tidak senang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">非</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
fēi</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">常</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">cháng</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mirip
dengan kata</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">很</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hěn(sangat),
namun obyek yang diterangkan cenderung lebih pada hal yang sesuai dengan
keadaan anda. Contoh: Dia sangat pandai berbicara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">极</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jí</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">了</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">le</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menerangkan
tingkatan yang tinggi. Contoh: Jauh sekali tempat tinggalmu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
Keterangan Derajat dalam Bahasa Indonesia Adverbia Tingkatan (Kualitas)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
tingkatan atau kualitas adalah adverbia yang menyatakan tingkatan mutu keadaan
atau kegiatan. Yang termasuk adverbia ini adalah sangat, amat, sekali, paling,
lebih, cukup, kurang, agak, hampir, rada, maha, nian, dan terlalu. Adverbia
tersebut digunakan dengan aturan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
paling, digunakan dengan aturan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan keadaan yang tertinggi derajatnya bila dibandingkan dengan kata
lain, diletakkan di depan adjektiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Dialah yang
paling muda usianya diantara kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan tindakan yang tertinggi derajat penilaian diletakkan di depan verba
yang bentuk dasarnya berkata adjektiva. Contoh: Gado-gado adalah makanan yang
paling kusukai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">二,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
lebih digunakan dengan aturan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan keadaan yang lebih tinggi derajatnya dari yang lain, diletakkan di
depan adjektiva, dan di belakang adjektiva itu diletakkan preposisi daripada.
Contoh: Durian lebih mahal daripada pepaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan suatu tindakan lebih tinggi tarafnya daripada yang lain, diletakan
di depan verba, dan di belakang verba itu diletakkan preposisi daripada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Membaca lebih kusukai daripada menulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
sangat digunakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan suatu keadaan tidak ada yang melebihi tarafnya atau derajatnya
diletakkan di depan adjektiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Bunga di taman itu sangat indah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan suatu taraf tindakan yang tidak ada yang melebihi, diletakkan di
depan verba yang dasarnya berkategori adjektiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Nilai ujian aku sangat mengecewakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menyatakan tidak ada yang melebihi, diletakkan di depan beberapa verba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Uang pemberianmu itu sangat berguna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">四,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
terlalu untuk menyatakan keadaan melebihi yang seharusnya, ditempatkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di depan adjektiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:
Untuk berjalan kaki jaraknya terlalujauh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">五,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
amat, untuk menyatakan tingkatan yang tertinggi atau utama dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">disubsitusi dengan adverbia
sangat, namun kadang- kadang bisa terletak di belakang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kata yang
didampinginya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• Gedung itu amat
besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• Gedung itu besar
amat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">六,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia sekali, untuk menyatakan
keadaan atau tindakan yang bertaraf tertinggi atau utama, dapat disubsitusikan dengan kata
sangat. Namun posisinya berada dibelakang kata yang didampinginya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Sampul buku ini
bagus sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Jauh sekali tempat
tinggalmu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">七,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adverbia
kurang digunakan dengan aturan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menyatakan
keadaan dibawah derajat memadai, ditempatkan di depan adjektiva. Contoh: Anak
itu memang kurang rajin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
analisa mengenai persamaan dan perbedaan kata keterangan tingkatan dalam bahasa
mandarin</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
pembahasan mengenai kata keterangan derajat dalam bahasa</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">indonesia dan mandarin dalam bab 1 dan bab 2,
penulis di dalam bab ini</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjabarkan beberapa
persamaan dan perbedaan antara kata keterangan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tingkatan dalam bahasa
mandarin dan Indonesia. Adapun perbedaan dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">persamaan itu adalah
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1).
Persamaan Kata keterangan tingkatan dalam bahasa mandarin dan Indonesia</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat
menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh di dalam bahasa
mandarin</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">她很聪明。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我很喜欢你</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我最爱她。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在这个班里,她算最美丽的。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我非常讨厌他。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我找到了更好的工作。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh di dalam bahasa
Indonesia:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saya
paling</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">benci
dia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
kelas ini dia yang paling</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bodoh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jauh
sekali rumahmu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dia
rajin sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dia
lebih suka tinggal disini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumahmu
terlalu jauh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kata keterangan tingkatan bahasa
mandarin dan Indonesia di bagian predikat dapat menjadi fungsi keterangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我很喜欢吃拉面。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dia
terlalu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ngi ibunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam bahasa mandarin kata keterangan tingkatannya selain menjadi keterangan
dapat juga menjadi pelengkap. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">他认真得很。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapi di dalam bahasa
Indonesia kata keterangannya semua menjadi keterangan, tidak dapat menjadi
pelengkap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Ibu membelikan <u>saya</u>
buku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam bahasa mandarin pemakaian kata keterangan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ingkatannya sebagian
besar hanya satu kata tetapi ada juga yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat digabungkan
dengan kata keterangan derajat lainnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">她生了孩子以后</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">体型稍有点发胖。</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapi dalam bahasa
percakapan Indonesia kata keterangan tingkatan dapat digabungkan dengan kata
keterangan tingkatan lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh:Dia amat sangat
berani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam bahasa mandarin kata keterangan tingkatan tidak dapat menjadi kata kerja,
tetapi di dalam bahasa Indonesia kata keterangan tingkatan “kurang”dapat
menjadi kata kerja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Makanan ini
kurang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">garam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam bahasa mandarin, di belakang kata keterangan tingkatannya tidak dapat
digabungkan dengan kata pasif.tetapi dalam bahasa Indonesia bisa digabungkan
dengan kata pasif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Di kelas ini
dia yang paling</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak
disukai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dari
penelitian yang telah penulis bahas dapat dilihat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adanya perbedaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">dan persamaan antara kata
keterangan derajat dalam bahasa mandarin dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indonesia, baik dalam
pola penggunaan maupun arti tingkatannya. Dalam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">penulisan ini dapat
dilihat juga pembagian tingkatan dalam kata keterangan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">derajat dalam bahasa
mandarin lebih jelas. Tidak seperti dalam bahasa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indonesia yang tidak
dibagi secara jelas tingkatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-62982240590471565272014-12-17T21:33:00.003-08:002014-12-17T21:33:27.206-08:00MINAT BELAJAR BAHASA MANDARIN DI ERA GLOBALISASI<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bahasa
adalah salah satu kemampuan dasar dan
alamiah yang dianugrahkan pada umat
manusia. Bahasa asing sekarang banyak digunakan di era globalisasi. Saat ini,
perkembangan arus teknologi semakin cepat dan tak terkendali dan komunikasi
yang melibatkan dua Negara atau lebih juga sering banyak terjadi. Untuk itu
kita perlu mempelajari bahasa asing untuk mempermudah komunikasi dengan orang lain, sehingga tidak
perlu terpaku pada bahasa Indonesia. Saat ini, untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan,
peran bahasa asing juga terlihat. Perusahaan- perusahaan juga sekarang ini
mengandalkan orang- orang yang dapat menguasai bahasa asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Salah
satu bahasa asing yang sering di jumpai dalam kehidupan sehari- hari adalah
bahasa Inggris yang merupakan bahasa internasional. Banyak orang yang
menggunakan bahasa inggris dalam kehidupannya sehari- hari agar terbiasa dan
lancer dalam berbahasa inggris. Tetapi bukan hanya bagasa inggris sekarang yang
mejadi bahasa internasional, tetapi bahasa mandarin juga sudah menjadi bahasa
internasional. Bahasa mandarin sudah terlihat perannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada
zaman sekarang penggunaan bahasa mandarin sangat diperlukan, zaman sekarang ini
orang- orang yang bisa menggunakan bahasa mandarin akan mendapatkan banyak
lowongan pekerjaan. Bahasa mandarin sekarang juga banyak peminatnya baik anak-
anak, remaja, pemuda bahkan orang dewasa. Bahasa mandarin di Indonesia sekarang
ini sangat berkembang, hamper semua sekolah swasta di ajarkan bahasa mandarin
bahkan sekolah yang tidak ada pelajaran bahasa mandarin, anak- anaknya mecari
guru bahasa mandarin untuk bisa belajar mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berapa banyak yang minat bahasa mandarin
di Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa manfaat dari penggunaan bahasa
mandarin di Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentingkah kita mempelajari bahasa
mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah penggunaan bahasa mandarin itu
sangat bermaanfaat di dunia pekerjaan nanti?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah bahasa mandarin itu bahasa yang
di favoritkan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujian dari penelitian
ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui berapa banyaknya presentase yang minat belajar bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui manfaat penggunaan bahasa mandarin di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui pentingnya mempelajari bahasa mandarin di era globalisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui manfaat apa saja dari penggunaan bahasa mandarin didunia pekerjaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui bahasa mandarin itu apakah bahasa yang di favoritkan atau tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat dari penelitian
ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi Penulis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menambah wawasan lebih dalam lagi bagi penulis tentang manfaat pembelajaran dan
manfaat penggunaan bahasa mandarin di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menambah wawasan lebih dalam lagi bagi penulis tentang manfaat pembelajaran dan
manfaat penggunaan bahasa mandarin di era globalisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bagi
Masyarakat/ Pembaca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
memberi pengetahuan kepada pembaca tentang manfaat pembelajaran bahasa
mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberi
pemahaman kepada masyarakat luar bahwa penggunaah dan pembelajaran bahasa
mandarin itu sangat penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistematika
Skripsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Untuk
memudahkan dalam membuat kerangka penulisan skripsi ini secara sistematis dapat
di gambarkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 1 : PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab ini berisi beberapa
garis besar lata belakang masalah, perumusan masalah, tujan penelitian manfaat
penelitian dan sistematika penulisan skripsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 2 : TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab ini berisi beberapa
teori- teori yang mendukung penulisan baik teori umum maupun teori khusus dan
meliputi uraian mengenai hasil penelitian terdahulu yang ada hubungannya dengan
masalah yang di teliti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 3 : METODE
PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penelitian
meliputi desain penelitian Bahasa Mandarin, Karakter Bahasa Mandarin, Manfaat Belajar Bahasa Mandarin, dan Penelitian Terdahulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 4 : ANALISIS DAN
PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab ini berisi mengenai
gambaran umum perusahaan yang merupakan subyek penelitian dan pembahasan
masalah berdasarkan teori yang telah dikemukakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 5 : KESIMPULAN DAN
SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab ini berisi simpulan
mengenai hasil pembahasan masalah yang telah dilakukan dan saran yang dapat
diberikan penulis yang diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi pihak- pihak yang
berkepentingan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minat
Bahasa Mandarin <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak bahasa
mandarin diakui Perserikatan bangsa- bangsa (PBB) sebagai bahasa internasional
kedua setelah bahasa inggris, minat masyarakat terhadap bahasa ini terus
meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Yang
menarik, bukan hanya warga Tionghoa yang tertarik mendalaminya, warga non-
Tinghoa semakin banyak yang serius mempelajarinya. Apalagi sejak Negara itu
hampir menguasai ½ dari perekonomian dunia, bahasa mandarin makin digemari.
Banyak perusahaan yang ”menyekolahkan” pegawainya di sekolah bahasa mandarin.
Hal ini di kearenakan kondisi lapangan pekerjaan saat ini menurut tenaga kerja yang ahli
bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tak
hanya otang Tionghoa yang membutuhkan bahasa ini, tapi juga semua masyarakat.
Saat ini banyak sekali lowongan pekerjaan yang mengharuskan calon kariawannya
bisa bahasa mandarin. Biasanya digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan tamu dari
China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Di
Chinalink banyak sekali orang tua yang memberikan bekal bahasa mandarin untuk
study S1 di China, dengan harapan agar anaknya dapat meneruskan usaha orang
tuanya dan berharap pula agar bisa bebahasa mandarin dengan baik dalam
berbisnis nantinya. Dalam hal ini Chinalink pun mendatangkan guru Native yang
berbobot dan berkualitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Di
Chinalink, selain percakapan menggunakan bahasa mandarin, juga diajarkan cara
menulis dengan huruf Hanzi (Huruf China), intonasi, lafal, karakter huruf dan
sebagainya. Dalam percakapan bahasa mandarin, intonasi sangat berperan.
Intonasi ada panjang pendek, panjang pendek, dan pendek panjang. Kata yang sama
tapi intonasinya berbeda, akan memiliki arti yang berbeda pula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Namun
sayang saat ini masyarakat banyak yang belum menyadari pentingnya bahasa
mandarin. Jumlah les bahasa mandarin masih jauh dibandingkan jumlah les bahasa
Inggris . jumlah tempat lespun tak sebanyak les bahasa Inggris . di Indonesia
pemerintah baru mulai bisa menerima kebudayaan China beberapa tahun belakangan
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakter
Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tradisional Chinese
merupakan hanzi yang digunakan sejak jaman, dan versi ini hurufnya sangat
kompleks dan stroke-nya sangatlah banyak. Tradisional Chineses digunakan
mayoritas pada Taiwan. Kalau Simplified Chinese, hanzinya baru digunakan sejak
sekitar tahun 1950-an. Simplified Chinese, seperti namanya, sama- sama bahasa
mandarin tetapi karakter atau hurufnya telah disederhanakan sehingga mudah
untuk diingat. Simplified Chinese kenapa tidak digunakan di Taiwan? Kemungkinan
karena Taiwan dulunya kan merupakan bagian dari China namun melepas diri karena
tidak setuju dengan cara ajaran komunisme, nah mereka hingga hingga sekarang
masih tidak setuju sehingga Simplified Chinese dianggap propaganda dan pengaruh
mainland- China dan tidak digunakan oleh Taiwan. Ada juga yang mengatakan
masyatakan Taiwan memiliki pride atau harga diri dalam menggunakan Traditional
Chinese, karena menjunjung tinggi tradisi menulis sejak jaman nenek moyang
mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
jaman dulu kala, sekitar tahun 1200 sebelim masehi, karakter- karakter teksnya belum
seperti hanzi yang sekarang. Bahkan karakternya msih merupakan ilustrasi kecil
dari benda- benda hidup dan mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda
dengan teks- teks lain pada umumnya yang melambangkan cara pebgucapan
(contohnya bahasa inggris A= ei, B= bi, C= sii), karakter mandarin mewakili
suatu objek secara individual. Pohon= </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">木,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bulan=
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, hari= </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dll. Beda dengan huruf
latin dan modern yang digunakan berdasarkan pengucapannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Belajar Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin memiliki banyak manfaat. Manfaat dari belajar bahasa mandarin dapat
di uraikan sebagai berikut; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin dapat meningkatkan IQ.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin, ternyata bermanfaat bagi pengembangan otak besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin akan memperlancar komunikasi dalam bekerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin sebagai investasi awal berbisnis di China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin dapat menimbulkan kepercayaan diri dari pejabat dan pengusaha
local di China. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin akan menimbulkan RESPECT dari penduduk negeri di China dalam
imvestasi/ bisnis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lissold
mencatat bahwa bahasa mandarin bagi orang China di seluruh penjuru dunia adalah
pusat dari dari perasaan, semtara huruf- huruf China adalah pusat bangsa itu.
Dengan demikian China akan lebih respect
dan menaruh kepercayaan dengan seorang investor asing yang mampu menjalani
komunikasi dengan bahasa mandarin yang baik dan kemudian akan berlanjut dengan
pembicaraan- pembicaraan yang lebih hangat sehingga jelas bahwa bahasa mandarin
menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari Chian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin sama saja kita mempelajari bahasa pengantar di dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin bermanfaat bagi hubungan pilitik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tengok
sja perdana menteri Ausralia yang baru, Kevin Rudd yang fasih berbahasa
mandarin. Dengan kemampuannya itu Kevin Rudd diharapkan dapat mempererat
hubungan Australia dengan China. Dengan kataa lain bahasa mandarin tidak saja
penting bagi keperluan bisnis namun juga sangat penting bagi keperluan politik
internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin kita tidak ketinggalan zaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin akan membuka pintu penghasilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesempatan
diterima apabila melamar di perusahaan bertaraf internasional lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kesempatan bekerja di luar negeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Belajar bahasa mandarin mengurangi resiko
penyakit pikun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar
bahasa mandarin dapat memperluas pengetahuan pengetahuan mengenai kebudayan
China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambah
teman dan bisa saja mendapatkan jodoh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
ini teknologi semakin canggih, berbagai jaringan sosial dapat menghubungkan
semua orang dibelahan bumi manapun. Kalau menguasai bahasa mandarin kesempatan
berteman dengan orang asing akan lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
citra Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalau
orang- orang Indonesia mayoritas bisa berbahasa mandarin maka image Indonesia
dimata internasional bisa meningkat. Kita bukan lagi dicap sebagai Negara
teroris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.1 Rencangan Pengelitian <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tahap
Persiapan : mempersiapkan segala sesuatu yang diperlukan dalam kegiatan
penelitian yang dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.2
Tempat, Waktu dan Subjek Penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tempat Penelitian : Kampus Widya Kartika,
Jalan Suteredjo Prima Utara II/ 1 Surabaya, 60113.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Waktu Penelitian : 1. Senin 15 November 2014.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Subjek
Penelitian : Subjek penelitian ini adalalah 50 % Mahasiswa Widya Kartika, dan 50% Masyarakat
Indonesia khususnya Masyarakta yang ada di Surabaya. Penelitian ini dengan
membagikan kuesioner pada 50 orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3
Teknik Pengumpulan Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pengumpulan
data ini dilakukan dengan membagikan kuesioner pada 50 orang yang berada di
Universitas Widya Kartika, selain itu pada Masyarakat Indonesia yang ada di
Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4
Teknik Analisis Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 674px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 33.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 505.65pt;" valign="top" width="674">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soal Kuesioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 33.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.8pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutmu
apakah manfaat dari belajar bahasa mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.85pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah
kamu suka belajar bahasa mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 33.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.8pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutmu
apakah bahasa mandarin penting?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.85pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah
banyak manfaat dari kita belajar bahasa mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 33.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.8pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah
kamu bisa menggunakan bahasa mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 33.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.85pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutmu
bagaimana perkembangan bahasa mandarin di Surabaya ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.8pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
ya, Apakah kamu sering menggunakan bahasa mandarin dalam kehidupanmu sehari-
hari?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.85pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutmu
dengan menggunakan bahasa mandarin dalam sehari- hari kita akan lacar
berbahasa mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.8pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutmu
bagaimana perkembangan bahasa mandarin di Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.85pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa tanggapanmu bagi masyarakat
Indonesia yang ingin belajar bahasa mandarin dan ingin belajar bahasa
mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: 46.0pt; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: -33.85pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 723px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 46.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">WIDYA
KARTIKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MASYARAKAT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INDONESIA
YANG DI SURABAYA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.5pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PRESENTASE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 46.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentingnya bahasa mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.5pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">85%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 46.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak manfaat bahasa mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.5pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">95%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bisa menggunakan bahasa mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.5pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">70%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering menggunakan bahasa
mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.5pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">75%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 46.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suka belajar bahasa mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suka <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 128.3pt;" valign="top" width="171">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 46.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 114.5pt;" valign="top" width="153">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">85%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.05pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.4pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 46.05pt; mso-element-top: -33.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.0pt;" valign="top" width="160">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari hasil analisa di atas dapat
disimpulkan bahwa manfaat bahasa mandarin sangat di era globalisasi ini sangat
banyak, dan peminat bahasa mandarin di era globalisai ini juga sangat banyak.
Baik di dalam universitas Widya Kartika dan Masyarakat luar di Indonesia khususnya
Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>BAB 4<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ANALISIS DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1 Minat Bahasa Mandarin Di Era
Globalisasi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada
jaman sekarang ini, peminat bahasa mandarin sangat tinggi. Hampir 60%
masyarakat di Indonesia memiliki minat belajar bahasa mandarim. Karena meraka
tahu bahwa dengan mempelajari bahasa mandarin jenjang kariernya akan naik atau
akan meningkat. Bukan hanya orang- orang Chinese yang sekarang bisa menggunakan
bahasa mandarin, dan bukan hanya orang- orang Chinese yang memiliki minat besar
dalam belajar bahasa mandarin. Tetapi orang- orang non- Chinese bisa
menggunakan bahasa mandarin dan orang- orang non- Chinese memiliki minat besar
dalam belajar bahasa mandarin. Karen bukan hanya bahasa inggris yang sudah
menjadi bahasa internasional sekarang ini tetapi bahasa mandarin juga sudah
menjadi bahasa internasional kedua yang ad di ndonesia. Bukan hanya di
Indonesia di luar Indonesia seperti Singaoure, Malaysia, Vietnam dll sudah
menggunakan bahasa mandarin, bahakan bahasa utama di negeri itu sudah
menggunakan bahasa mandarin. Jadi sudah dapat di simpulkan bhwa bahasa mandarin
itu sekarang ini dudah mendunia. Orang Amerika atau orang bule saja sekarang
mempelajari bahasa mandarin karena mereka tahu dengan belajar bahasa mandarin
mereka akan mendapat pekerjaan yang bagus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2
Manfaat Penggunaan Bahasa Mandarin Di Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan bahasa
mandarin di Indonesia sangat bermanfaat. Selain bermanfaat bagi diri sendiri
juga bermanfaat bagi orang lain. Penggunaan bahasa mandarin zaman sekarang ini
sudah mulai kelihatan, karena sudah banyak orang yang menggunakan bahasa
mandarin. Di perusahaan- perusahaan besar sekarang ingin pegawainya bisa
berbahasa mandarin dengan baik dan benar. Dengan menggunakan bahasa mandarin
kemungkinan besar perusahaanya dapat bekerja sama dengan perusahaan- perusahaan
besar di luar negeri. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari
penelitian yang penulis lakukan terhadap judul MINAT BELAJAR BAHASA MANDARIN DI
ERA GLOBALISASI. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa banyak orang di Indonesia sekarang ini
sangat minat belajar bahasa mandarin. Tidak hanya orang keturunan Chinese yang
menyukai atau yang minat belajar bahasa mandarin tetapi orang yang non- Chinese
juga memiliki minat yang besar dalam belajar bahasa mandarin. Bahasa mandarin
di ERA GLOBALISASI sangat berk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">embang khususnya di Indonesia karena dengan belajar
bahasa mandarin kita mendapatkan banyak manfaatnya. Dengan menguasai bahasa
mandarin kita dapat di rekomendasikan ke perusahaan- perusahaan luar negeri
yang berkembang, karena kebanyak perusahaan besar yang mewajibkan kariawannya
bisa menggunakan bahasa mandarin. Jadi intinya dengan kita menguasai bahasa
mandarin kita mendapatkan banyak manfaatnya. Selain itu juga peminat bahasa
mandarin disetiap tahun terus dan terus berkembang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Diharapkan suatu saat nanti minat bahasa
mandarin di Indonesia lebih meningkat lebih meningkat dari tahun- tahun
sebelumnya. Dan di harapkan juga generasi muda di Indonesia semuanya bisa
menggunakan bahasa mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat belajar bahasa mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://widyakartika.ac.id/perpustakaan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=11444"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://widyakartika.ac.id/perpustakaan/index.php?p=show_detail&id=11444</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://gudang-makalah-download.blogspot.com/2012/01/skripsi-pengaruh-penggunaan-media-%09film.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://gudang-makalah-download.blogspot.com/2012/01/skripsi-pengaruh-penggunaan-media- film.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gandhi. 2013. Jurnal Ilmiah. (serial
online)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.seocontoh.com/2013/12/contoh-jurnal-ilmiah-terbaru.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.seocontoh.com/2013/12/contoh-jurnal-ilmiah-terbaru.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://vicovigil28.blogspot.com/2012/11/manfaat-belajar-bahasa-asing.html?m=1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://vicovigil28.blogspot.com/2012/11/manfaat-belajar-bahasa-asing.html?m=1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=130519167144070&story_fbid=146795315516455"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=130519167144070&story_fbid=146795315516455</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://belajarmandarin.weebly.com/belajar-bahasa-mandarin.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://belajarmandarin.weebly.com/belajar-bahasa-mandarin.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://firstandrean.wordpress.com/belajar-mandarin-banyak-manfaatnya/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://firstandrean.wordpress.com/belajar-mandarin-banyak-manfaatnya/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://reynaldoxrey.wordpress.com/2012/08/13/alasan-belajar-bahasa-mandarin/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://reynaldoxrey.wordpress.com/2012/08/13/alasan-belajar-bahasa-mandarin/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-28696812090985515942014-12-17T21:31:00.003-08:002014-12-17T21:31:36.791-08:00PENGEMBANGAN PERCAKAPAN BAHASA TIONGHOA OLEH DIAN RAKYAT EDISI TERBARU 2015<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
ini kebutuhan untuk mendapatkan informasi bahasa Nasionalmaupun bahasa
Internasional harus disertai dengan bisa berbahasa lebih.Tidak banyakdari sebagian
orangdapat menguasai beberapa bahasa.Sehingga dari permasalahantersebut, timbul
berbagai solusi untuk bisa berbahasa lebih.Salah satunya adalah belajarbahasa
asing.Di zaman modern seperti sekarang ini, banyak hal yang bisa kita
gunakandan kita dapatkan dari perkembangan teknologi.Dengan adanya perkembangan
teknologi,berarti manusia di tuntut untuk bisa berusaha belajar lebih giat dan
giat.Contoh bahasayang menjadi bahasa nomor satu didunia adalah bahasa
Inggris.Dan bahas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">internasionalkedua
yang di favoritkan adalah bahasa Mandarin.Bahasa Mandarin adalah
bahasainternasional yang sedang berkembang di era sekarang.Untuk bisa
memperlajari bahasaMandarin, tidak bisa hanya mengandalkan belajar tatap muka
dengan pengajar, tetapidengan melalui perkembangan multimedia dan komunikasi
maka sarana belajar lebihterdukung dan termotifasi.Multimedia banyak diandalkan
oleh banyak kalangan masyarakat untukdijadikan sarana untuk kegiatan
belajar.Salah satu contoh adalah membuat media</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">media
pembelajaran bahasa asing yang sekarang banyak dibuat oleh orang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">orang yangahli dibidang tersebut
untuk memudahkan user dalam mempelajari sesuatu melaluimultimedia.Dengan adanya
sarana multimedia, membuat aktifitas belajar lebih baik.Misalnya saja program
yang akan penulis buat adalah sebuah sarana media pembelajaranbahasa asing
yaitu bahasa Mandarin. Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa yang banyakdikatakan
sebagian besar masyarakat adalah bahasa yang cukup rumit.Karenapenulisannya
yang cukup rumit dan tata bahasa yang beraneka ragam nada. Melaluimultimedia
akan sangat didukung oleh banyak program bantu. Program bantu yang biasadigunakan
dikalanganmasyarakat sangat bervariasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
menjadi semakin dibutuhkan untuk dapatsaling berkomunikasi dalam era
globalisasi sekarang.Khususnya untuk bidangpendidikan yang sudah banyak
ditawarkan oleh berbagai sekolah dan universitas untukprogram beasiswa diluar
negeri.Maka diperlukannya pembelajaran bahasa sejak dini.Di Indonesia sendiri,
banyak warga Tionghoa yang masih memilikikebudayaan yang sangat kental dari
China, walau mereka sudah terpisah berpuluh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">puluh
tahun dari negara China sendiri. Tapi dari mereka hanya sekitar 30% yang
bisaberkomunikasimenggunakan bahasa Mandarin dengan fasih, dan sisanya
sudahtercampur baur dengan kebudayaan Indonesia, sehingga banyak lembaga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lembagapembelajaran Bahasa
Mandarin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bahasa merupakan
sistem komunikasi yang berfungsi sebagai pengantar pesan yang ingin disampaikan
pembicara kepada pendengar atau orang yang di tujukan.Bahasa merupakan alat
penghubung bagi masyarakat yang membantu terbentuknya interaksi. Karena dengan
adanya bahasa interaksi dengan orang lain dapat berjalan dengan lancar, karena
bahasa dan masyarakat merupakan dua unsur yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Bahasa
adalah alat komunikasi yang digunakan dan diperlukan manusia.Bahasa ialah Komunikasi
yang paling lengkap dan efektif untuk menyampaikan ide, pesan, maksud, perasaan
dan pendapat kepada orang lain. Demikian halnya dengan Siahaan(2008: 1) yang
menyatakan “<i>Language is a unique human inheritance that plays very important
role in human’s life such as in thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating
with the others”</i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Salah satu bahasa
yang mulai menunjukan keberadaan dan peranannya di dunia adalah bahasa
Mandarin.Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak di
dunia.Beberapa tahun ini pengaruh dan perkembangan bahasa Mandarin di dunia
khususnya di Indonesia sangat besar.Pengaruh ini membuat masyarakat Indonesia
banyak yang mulai mempelajari bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Bahasa Mandarin sudah
menjadi kebutuhan bagi masyarakat Indonesia.Masyarakat tidak hanya mempelajari
bahasa Mandarin untuk kepentingan perdagangan, pendidikan atau hal lainnya
tetapi juga digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari.MasyarakatIndonesia telah
memasuki era multilingual dimana disamping mampu berbahasa Indonesia, berbahasa
daerah dan masyarakat Indonesia juga harus mampu berbahasa asing dalam hal ini
bahasa Mandarin.Karena pada zaman modern ini bahasa asing menjadi bahasa yang
penting.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Disamping mampu
berbahasa Mandarin secara lisan maupun tulisan, mempelajari bahasa Mandarin
juga perlu mengetahui tata bahasa.Karena setiap bahasa pasti memiliki tata
bahasa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tata bahasa adalah
kaidah atau aturan-aturan penyusunan kata, gabungan kata dan kalimat.Bagian dari tata bahasa adalah kata,
morfem, gabungan kata dan kalimat.Agar dapat memahami tata bahasa darisuatu
bahasa maka kita harus memahami bagian-bagian dari tata bahasa tersebut.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tata bahasa
merupakan unsur yang penting dalam mempelajari bahasa asing agar dapat
berbicara dengan baik dan benar.Tata bahasa memiliki pengaruh besar dalam
mempelajari suatu bahasa.Secara sadar atau tidak sadar dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari kita juga sering menggunakan tata bahasa dalam berkomunikasi.Karena
dengan mengunakan tata bahasa yang baik dan benar, maka dapat menyampaikan
makna dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kata adalah unsur
bahasa yang diucapkan atau dituliskan yang merupakan perwujudan kesatuan
perasaan dan pikiran yang dapat digunakan dalam berbahasa.Kata adalah bagian
terkecil bahasa yang mempunyai arti dan dapat berdiri sendiri.Kata adalah dasar yang digunakan
untuk membentuk kalimat, suatu kata yang bergabung dengan kata yang lainnya lah
yang menjadi gabungan kata sehingga membentuk kalimat dan memiliki arti.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tujuan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">pengembangan percakapan Bahasa Tionghoa ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah untuk mewujudkan kemampuan, kreativitas, dan keterampilan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">serta menggunakan tata bahasa dengan baik dan
benar.Serta mempermudah pembaca dalam mempelajari Bahasa Tionghoa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
pembelajaran kosakata dan percakapan bahasa Mandarin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Meningkatkanpengembangan
dan kualitas pendidikan bahasa Mandarin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">a.Bagi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">iharapkandapat meningkatkan penggunaan mediapembelajaran
dalam proses belajar bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">b.Bagi Siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">iharapkan dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan potensi
siswa dalam belajar bahasa Mandarin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">T</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">INJAUAN
UMUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1 Sejarah Singkat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bahasa Tionghoa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> (</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉语</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">漢語</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">华语</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">華語</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, atau </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中文</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">; <u>pinyin</u>: hànyǔ, huáyǔ,
atau zhōngwén) adalah bagian dari rumpun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sino-Tibet" title="Bahasa Sino-Tibet"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Sino-Tibet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.
Meskipun kebanyakan orang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionghoa" title="Tionghoa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tionghoa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
menganggap berbagai varian bahasa Tionghoa lisan sebagai satu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, variasi dalam bahasa-bahasa
lisan tersebut sebanding dengan variasi-variasi yang ada dalam misalkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Roman" title="Bahasa Roman"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Roman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">; bahasa
tertulisnya juga telah berubah bentuk seiring dengan perjalanan waktu, meski
lebih lambat dibandingkan dengan bentuk lisannya, dan oleh sebab itu mampu
melebihi variasi-variasi dalam bentuk lisannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<a href="" name="more"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sekitar
1/5 penduduk dunia menggunakan salah satu bentuk bahasa Tionghoa sebagai
penutur asli, maka jika dianggap satu bahasa, bahasa Tionghoa merupakan bahasa
dengan jumlah penutur asli terbanyak di dunia. Bahasa Tionghoa (dituturkan
dalam bentuk standarnya, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mandarin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">) adalah
bahasa resmi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taiwan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, salah satu dari empat bahasa
resmi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Singapura</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, dan
salah satu dari enam bahasa resmi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBB" title="PBB"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PBB</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8xckGzdZNbBsgo0FVcHEX7Tazha65Uv3Ah7-HgQoSxVcnnSthnUxnN9tjfiIsnTeMv6cBa8A5VkePfsaeB8H-mq586dIHH_82C0bpQ5qEqA1WCXZVUsi8DOZIO-B3c3jkmT518aiL0RVv/s1600/slide1-300x225.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Istilah
dan konsep yang digunakan orang Tionghoa untuk berpikir tentang bahasa berbeda
dengan yang digunakan orang-orang Barat; ini disebabkan oleh efek pemersatu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Tionghoa" title="Aksara Tionghoa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aksara Tionghoa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> yang
digunakan untuk menulis dan juga oleh perbedaan dalam perkembangan politik dan
sosial </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">
dibandingkan dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Eropa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">. Cina
berhasil menjaga persatuan budaya dan politik pada waktu yang bersamaan dengan
jatuhnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Romawi" title="Kerajaan Romawi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kerajaan Romawi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, masa di mana Eropa terpecah menjadi negara-negara
kecil yang perbedaannya ditentukan oleh bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sebuah
perbedaan utama antara konsep Cina mengenai bahasa dan konsep Barat akan
bahasa, ialah bahwa orang-orang Cina sangat membedakan bahasa tertulis (<i>wen</i>)
dan bahasa lisan (<i>yu</i>). </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pembedaan
ini diperluas sampai menjadi pembedaan antara kata tertulis (<i>zi</i>) dan
kata yang diucapkan (<i>hua</i>). Sebuah konsep untuk sebuah bahasa baku yang
berbeda dan mempersatukan bahasa lisan dengan bahasa tertulis ini dalam bahasa
Tionghoa tidaklah terlalu menonjol. Ada beberapa varian bahasa Tionghoa lisan,
di mana </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Mandarin</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> adalah yang paling penting dan menonjol. Tetapi di sisi lain, hanya ada
satu bahasa tertulis saja.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bahasa Tionghoa lisan adalah semacam bahasa intonasi yang berhubungan
dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" title="Bahasa Tibet"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Tibet</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Myanmar" title="Bahasa Myanmar"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Myanmar</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, tetapi secara genetis tidakberhubungan dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa-bahasa</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> tetangga seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Korea</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Vietnam</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Thai</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Jepang</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">. Meskipun begitu,
bahasa-bahasa tersebut mendapat pengaruh yang besar dari bahasa Tionghoa dalam
proses sejarah, secara linguistik maupun ekstralinguistik. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bahasa
Korea</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa
Jepang</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> sama-sama mempunyai sistem
penulisan yang menggunakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Tionghoa" title="Aksara Tionghoa"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aksara
Tionghoa</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, yang masing-masing dipanggil
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanja</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kanji</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">. Di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Korea Utara</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanja</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> sudah tidak lagi digunakan dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hangul</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> ialah satu-satunya cara untukmenampilkan bahasanya sementara di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Korea
Selatan</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hanja</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> masih digunakan. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bahasa Vietnam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> juga
mempunyai banyak kata-kata pinjam dari bahasa Tionghoa dan pada masa dahulu
menggunakan aksara Tionghoa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.2 Asal
Usul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Berawal
dari Bahasa Bangsa Han<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jika waktu itu raja dari bangsa Han tidak bertemu dengan orang yang tidak mau
minggir ketika ia lewat, mungkin sekarang kemanapun jika kita pergi ke Cina,
kita akan kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi. Bagaimana bisa?Begini ceritanya.
Alkisah ketika raja dari bangsa Han yang memerintah pada masa pembangunan
tembok Cina sedang berjalan-jalan, ia berpapasan dengan seseorang yang duduk
dan menghalangi jalannya. Meski raja tersebut sudah mengatakan maksudnya untuk
lewat, namun orang itu tidak menghiraukannya.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Orang tersebut akhirnya pergi setelah para menteri dari raja berbicara
kepadanya. Tentu saja raja heran, mengapa orang tersebut hanya mau lewat usai
para menterinya yang meminta. Jadi komunikasi raja selama ini kepada
menteri-menterinya ternyata juga tidak dimengerti. Sama halnya ketika raja
tersebut berbicara dengan orang yang menghalangi jalannya tadi. “Sejak itulah
raja kemudian memutuskan untuk memberlakukan bahasa persatuan di negeri
tersebut dengan bahasa bangsa Han,” terang Suki Ariono, pemilik Sekolah Pelita
Budaya Bangsa saat menceritakan perihal tersebut. Tentu saja, peraturan ini
pada waktu itu menimbulkan pro dan kontra dari masyarakat Cina waktu itu. Di
negeri panda tersebut, ada beberapa suku yang memiliki bahasa berbeda,
Mongolia, Han Tibet, Mansuria, dan Xing Jiang. Suku Han sendiri merupakan suku
yang paling besar jumlahnya. Namun terlepas dari itu semua, kini siapapun yang
berkunjung ke Cina dan mendatangi provinsi atau daerah manapun cukup berbicara
dengan bahasa mandarin saja. Bahasa persatuan inilah yang akhirnya memudahkan
siapapun berkomunikasi dengan lainnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.3 Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Mandarin adalah bahasa Nasional Negara Republik Rakyat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiongkok. Menurut Lim Wen Seng,
pemerhatibahasa Mandarin, setidaknya ada tiga dasar utama yang harus dipahamiuntuk
bisa mempelajari bahasa Mandarin,yaitu <i>Hanyu pinyin</i>, <i>shengdiao</i>,dan
<i>Hanz</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">i<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hanyu
pinyin </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahasa sederhananya adalah ejaan.
Sebuah sistempelafalan standarInternasional yang dirancang untuk
memenuhikebutuhan akan tata bunyibahasa Mandarin dengan menggunakan abjadlatin
sebagai pendekatan bunyi ucapan huruf Mandarin itu sendiri.Sekarang <i>Hanyu
pinyin </i>lebih dikerap disebut <i>pinyin </i>saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Shengdiao
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ada atau intonasi dari kata yang
diucapkan.Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa yang paling unik karenamenggunakan
nada yang berbeda-beda ditiap kata-katanya. Karenaperbedaan dalam tiap nada ini
akanmembuat makna yang berbeda darisetiap kata yang dimaksudkan. Nada yang
digunakan ada 5 nada. Yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">nada
datar ( ― ), nada naik ( </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">⁄
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">),
nada naik lalu turun ( v ), nada turun( \ ), dan nada ringan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hanzi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">uruf
atau aksara tradisonal Tiongkok.Dalamperkembangannya,aksara Tionghoa ini
sendiri dibedakan antara <i>Hanzi</i>tradisional dan <i>Hanzi </i>yang telah
disederhanakan.<i>Hanzi </i>tradisional banyakdigunakan secara luas di
Hongkong, Makau, dan Taiwan. Sedangkanuntuk Indonesia, <i>Hanzi </i>yang
digunakan umumya yang telahdisederhanakan, yakni dengan mengurangijumlah
guratan atau garisdalam satu aksara, menggabungkan beberapa karakter yang sulit
menjadisatu karakter yang lebih sederhana, serta dengan memberikan arti
barukepada karakter tradional yang memunyai guratan yang sedikit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
III</span></b></span><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></span><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1
Pengertian </span></b></span><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Jenis Kata</span></b></span><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><b><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span></b></span>Kata
dalam bahasa Mandarin ada beberapa jenis.Pembagian jenis kata dalam bahasa
Mandarin dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu kata konkrit dan kata abstrak.Konkrit
berarti jelas, nyata, mempunyai arti dan dapat berdiri sendiri, sedangkan kata
abstrak tidak memliki arti yang jelas dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.</div>
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Yang termasuk dalam kata konkrit yaitu (1) kata benda, (2)
kata kerja, (3) kata kerja bantu, (4) kata sifat, (5) kata bilangan, (6) kata
bantu bilangan dan (7) kata ganti. Yang termasuk dalam kata abstrak yaitu (1)
kata keterangan, (2) kata depan, (3) kata sambung, (4) partikel, (5) kata seru
dan (6) kata tiruan bunyi. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Dari keenam kata abstrak yang terdapat di
dalam bahasa Mandarin peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti partikel, khususnya
partikel<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a
</i>dan<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba</i>.Karena partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>adalah kata abstrak yang
paling sering digunakan di dalam komunikasi lisan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sebagaimana
kita ketahui bahwa dalam komunikasi lisan sehari-hari penggunan bahasa lebih
didominasi dengan bahasa nonformal.Dan dalam komunikasi nonformal atau
komunikasi sehari-hari, bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa yang sering
menggunakan partikel.Partikel atau kata tugas adalah kata yang hanya memilki
arti gramatikal dan tidak mempunyai arti secara leksikal.Dalam bahasa Mandarin
partikel memiliki kedudukan dan kegunaan yang penting.Partikel berfungsi
menyampaikan maksud atau nada pembicara dan membantu percakapan tidak monoton.
Penggunan partikel juga berfungsi untuk memberikan makna lebih dari apa yang
ingin disampaikan pembicara. Dalam kalimat yang sama namun dengan menggunakan
partikel yang berbeda akan memiliki arti yang berbeda pula. Dengan adanya
pertikel komunikasi dalam bahasa Mandarin lebih berwarna.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Walaupun
partikel hanya berfungsi sebagai makna tambahan dan tidak dapat digunakan
sendiri namun partikel dalam bahasa Mandarin merupakan kata bantu yang dapat
membantu menyatakan makna apa yang terkandung dari kalimat yang di ucapkan
pembicara, apakah kalimat yang diucapkan pembicara bermakna desakan, dugaan,
meyakinkan, meragukan, kaget, menjelaskan atau pun hal lainnya. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Ada banyak partikel dalam bahasa Mandarin
namun partikel-partikel yang sering digunakan diantaranya <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><i>de</i><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,了</span><i>le</i><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,吗</span><i>ma</i><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,呢</span><i>ne</i><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,吧</span><i>ba</i><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span>dan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a</i>. Penggunaan antara satu
partikel dengan partikel yang lain memiliki beberapaa kesamaan penggunaan
begitu juga dengan maknanya. Berikut adalah contoh penggunaan partikel
:<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你认识我说的地方吧?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>nǐ
rènshì wǒ shuō de dìfāng ba?</i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Kamu
mengenal tempat yang ku maksud kan? <o:p></o:p></div>
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Penggunaan
partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>pada
kalimat introgatif tersebut bermakna meyakinkan apa yang ditanyakan si penanya.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Selain
itu sebagai contoh perbandingan kalimat yang menggunakan partikel dengan
kalimat yang tidak menggunakan partikel :<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你去。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>nǐ
qù </i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Kamu
pergi → tidak menggunakan partikel <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你去吧。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>nǐ
qù ba. </i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Kamu
pergi lah →menggunakan partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Pada contoh kalimat kedua tidak menggunakan
partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba.</i>Pada kalimat tersebut tidak
memiliki makna khusus hanya sekedar kalimat deklaratif. Sedangkan pada contoh
kalimat ketiga dengan menggunakan jenis kalimat yang sama yaitu kalimat
deklaratif namun ditambah dengan menggunakan partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>bermakna saran dan partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>berfungsi menekankan
permintaan pembicara. Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas bahwa komunikasi
lisan sehari-hari lebih didominasi dengan bahasa nonformal.Begitu pula dengan
penggunaan partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba.</i>Dalam bahasa Mandarin
partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba
</i>merupakan
dua partikel dasar yang paling sering dan umum digunakan dalam bahasa lisan
maupun tulisan Mandarin.Dalam berbahasa Mandarin kita tidak hanya perlu dapat
berkomunikasi dengan baik dan benar, tetapi kita juga perlu mengetahui bahasa
yang biasa digunakan sehari-hari agar bahasa Mandarin menjadi lebih
berwarna.Dalam percakapan Mandarin penggunaan partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>memiliki beberapa kesamaan
penggunaan.Sebagai contoh kesamaan panggunaan<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>yaitu bisa diletakan di
belakang kalimat.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我们怎么去啊?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>wǒmén zénme qǜ a</i><i>? </i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Bagaimana
(kah) kita pergi?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada
contoh 4 diketahui bahwa dengan menggunakan partikel<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>kalimat tersebut bermakna
keraguan, namun jika <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>tidak
digunakan kalimat tersebut hanya merupakan kalimat introgatif yang berfungsi
menanyakan sesuatu dan tidak memiliki makna khusus.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你能帮他吧?</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Nǐ
néng bāng tā ba? </i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Kamu
bisa membantu dia kan? <o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada
contoh 5 penggunaan kata bantu<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>dalam
kalimat tersebut menunjukan ketidakpastian si penanya kepada orang yang dituju.<o:p></o:p></div>
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6. <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太累了,咱们在这儿做一会儿啊</span>/
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><b>?</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<i>Tài
lèi le, zánmen zài zhèer zuò yī huì er a/ ba?</i><i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Sudah
lelah sekali, kita duduk disini sebentar?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada contoh 6 dengan jenis kalimat yang
introgatif yang sama yaitu <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">太累了</span><i>tài lèi le</i>, <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">咱们在这儿坐一会儿</span><i>zánmen zài zhèer zuò yī huì
er </i>namun
mengunakan partikel yang berbeda yaitu <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba
</i>mengandung
makna yang berbeda pula. Pada kalimat yang menggunakan kata bantu partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>bermakna rekomendasi/ saran<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">侧重建议</span><i>cè zhòng jiàn yì </i>dan pada kalimat yang
menggunakan kata bantu partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>bermakna
permintaan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">侧重请求</span><i>cè zhòng qǐngqiú</i>. Dalam bahasa Indonesia <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba </i>dapat diartikan seperti
partikel –lah. Namun <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dalam
bahasa Indonesia tidak memiliki arti. Dapat kita ketahui penggunaan partikel
menunjukan bahwa partikel memiliki fungsi dan peran yang penting dalam
percakapan bahasa Mandarin.Dengan adanya partikel percakapan dalam bahasa
Mandarin lebih berwarna dan bermakna.Dalam hal ini, karakteristik penggunaan
partikel <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan
<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba
</i>yang paling
sering dan umum digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari bahasa Mandarinlah yang
menjadi latar belakang peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti partikel<span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">啊</span><i>a </i>dan <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吧</span><i>ba.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Percakapan
Sehari-Hari</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="" name="1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Topik:
Jaga kesehatan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">照顾</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">zhàogu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> = </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">menjag</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">a) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身体</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">shēntǐ=kesehatan,
badan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Kamu sudah makan (kah)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你吃了吗</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Nǐchīlema</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: Masih belum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">还没有。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">H</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ái méiyǒu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Kamu makan di sini saja (ya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你在这里吃吧。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">N</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ǐ zàizhè
lǐchība</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: Tidak perlu, terima kasih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不要</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谢谢。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Bùyào</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">xièxiè</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Kamu ada sakit maag, makan sedikit roti ya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你有胃病</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吃点面包吧。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> nǐ yǒuwèibìn</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">g, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">chīdiǎnmiànbāoba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 6 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: Baiklah. Terima kasih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">好吧</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谢谢。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Hǎoba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">xièxiè</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Tidak perlu berterima kasih. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不用谢。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bùyòngxiè</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Topik :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Makankuetart <a href="" name="2"><br />
</a></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吃</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">chī=makan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">) </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蛋糕</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dàngāo=kue tart, kue yang terbuat dari bahan utama
telur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Kamu mau makan kue tart (kah)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你要吃蛋糕吗?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Nǐyàochīdàngāoma</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: Tidak mau, terima kasih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不要</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谢谢。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Bùyào</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">xièxiè</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Ini sangat enak, kamu ambil sepotong ya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这很好吃</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你拿一块吧。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Zhèhěnhǎochí</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nǐyīkuàiba</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: Sebenarnya saya paling suka kue tart, tapi sekarang ada kolestrol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我其实最喜吃蛋糕</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是现在有胆固醇了。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Wǒqíshízuìxǐhuānchīdàngāodànshìxiànzàiyǒudǎngùchúnle</span><span style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Makan sedikit kan tidak apa-apa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吃一点没关系的。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Chīyīdiǎn yīdiǎnméiguānxi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei";">de</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft JhengHei"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: Saya sudah makan terlalu banyak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dokter sudah berkata jangan makan lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我吃太多了</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">医生都说别吃了。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Wǒchītàiduōle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">yīshēngdōushuōbiéchīle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kalimat 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: Kalau begitu kamu harus menjaga kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">A: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那你要照顾身体。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Nànǐyàozhàogushēntǐ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Percakapan
Membeli Barang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> cari
barang apa?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你 找 什么 东西</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nǐ zhǎo shénme dōngxī</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nǐ mǎi shénme</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你 买 什么</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mau beli apa?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yǒu shénme xūyào bangmáng ma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">有 什么 需要
帮忙 吗</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">da
yang bisa di bant</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mǎi liǎng gè miǎnfèi yī</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> !<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">买</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">两个免</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">费</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Beli dua,
gratissatu!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kěyǐ jiùshì kàn kàn yě shì yī shì</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">可以 就是
看看 也 试一试</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Boleh hanya lihat-lihat dan juga mencoba.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Qǐng suíbiàn kàn kàn</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">请 随便 看看</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Silahkan
di lihat-lihat!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zhèlǐ de cài dōu xīnxiān</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">这里的菜 都
新 鲜</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sayur
disini semuanya segar-segar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> !<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hěn piányí yě hěn xīnxiān</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">很 便宜 也
很 新鲜</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sangat
murah dan segar-segar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yǒu làjiāo, suàntóu, yùmǐ hái yǒu bōcài</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> !<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">有 辣椒</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, <span lang="ZH-TW">蒜头</span>,<span lang="ZH-TW">玉米 还有 菠菜</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">da
lombok, bawang putih, jagung dan juga bayam!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="10" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nǐ yào duōshǎo jīn</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你要多少斤</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Anda
mau berapa kilo?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zhège jùzi zěnme
mǎi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> ?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">这个 句子 怎么买</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?<br />
J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">eruk
ini bagaimana membelinya?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yīgòng duōshǎo
qián</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> ?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一共多少钱</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">emuanya
berapa?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yīgòng sān wàn
dùn, hái yǒu bié de ma</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> ?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一共三万盾</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">还 有 别 的 吗</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">emuanya
30 ribu, apa ada yang lain?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wǒ mǎi jīdàn yǒu
ma</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我 买 鸡蛋 有 吗</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saya
mau beli telur ayam, ada gak?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Liǎng gōngjīn
jīdàn duōshǎo qián</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">两 公斤 鸡蛋 多少钱</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Berapa
harganya Telor satu kilo?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="16" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nǐ yǒu mài shíyóu
ma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> ?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你 有 卖 食油 吗</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Apa
anda jual minyak goring?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yǒu xūyào jǐ gòng
shēng</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">有 需要几共升</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ada,
mau berapa liter?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zhǐyào yī
gōngshēng</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">!<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只要一公升</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Hanya
1 liter saja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> !<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Qǐngwèn mǎi niúròu
zài nǎr</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">请问买牛肉在哪儿</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ermisi
tanya, beli daging sapi dimana ya?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jiù cóng zhèlǐ
yīzhí zǒu, nà biān hěnduō mài niúròu d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">e .<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">就从这里一直走</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">, <span lang="ZH-TW">那边很多卖牛肉的</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<br />
D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ari
sini jalan lurus aja, disana banyak penjual daging sapi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zhège niúròu de
xīnxiān ma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">这个牛肉的新鲜吗</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Apakah
daging sapi ini masih segar?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zhè niúròu xīn lái
de</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">这牛肉 新 来的</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Daging
sapi ini baru tiba!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<ol start="23" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wǒ mǎi liǎng zhī
jī</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我买两只鸡</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> .<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saya
beli dua ekor ayam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Gěi nǐ qián</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">给</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">钱</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ini
uang nya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .<br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Zhǎo nǐ qián, xièxiè</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">找你钱</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,<span lang="ZH-TW">谢谢</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ini
kembaliannya, terima kasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">h .<br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Míngtiān cái lái</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> !<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">明天才来</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Besok
kembali lagi!</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Míngtiān qù
shìchǎng guāng cài</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">.<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">明天去市场光菜</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> .<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">esok pergi ke pasar belanja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> .<br />
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<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mǎi xǐzǎo zhǎnpǐn
zài nǎr</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">?<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">买洗澡展品在哪儿</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">eli
peralatan kamar mandi dimana ya?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Xiānshēng wǒ mǎi
yī bīng chá</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">!<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">先生 我 买一冰茶</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">uan
saya mau beli sebotol teh !</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
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</ol>
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<ol start="30" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wǒ mǎi yī wǎn
mǐfàn</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> !<br />
</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我买一碗米饭</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> !<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Saya
mau beli sepiring nasi!<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pengembangan Percakapan Bahasa Tionghoa d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">i dalam era
globalisasi seperti ini, kemampuan dalam berbahasa asing menjadi salah satu
kebutuhan utama salah satuya adalah bahasa Internasional seperti bahasa inggris
dan mandarin.</span><a href="http://www.tdwclub.com/belajar-bahasa-inggris-3153/" target="_blank" title="Belajar Bahasa Inggris Cepat dan Mudah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Belajar bahasa inggris</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan belajar bahasa
mandarin menjadi salah satu bahasa kebutuhan kita sebagai orang Indonesia.Tapi
tidak hanya kedua bahasa tersebut, bila perlu bahasa yang juga menjadi bahasa
yang banyak di sukai oleh masyarakat dunia seperti bahasa Korea, Jepang,
Jerman, dan Rusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
Agar
kemampuan dalam berbahasa asing Anda lancar maka diperlukan latihan dan belajar
keras. Nah berikut ini saya akan memberikan beberapa tips mudah belajar bahasa
asing, adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ikuti pelajaran dengan sungguh-sungguh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
Bagi Anda seorang pelajar atau mahasiswa biasanya didalam mata pelajaran
ada salah satu bahasa asing entah inggris, mandarin, atau bahasa lainnya.
Nah disinilah kesempatan Anda untuk belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh dan
menperhatikan guru Anda saat menerangkan, karena biasanya dengan Anda
belajar dasasrnya saja, maka Anda akan mengerti dalam berbahasa
asing.</span><a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mempraktekkan kemampuan berbahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
Jika Anda sudah menguasai atau setidaknya Anda sudah memahami
dasar-dasarnya, yang harus Anda lakukan selanjutnya adalah mempraktekkan
kemampuan berbahasa Anda dengan orang terdekat Anda untuk mengasah
kemampuan Anda dalam berbicara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Menonton film bahasa asing </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
Nah biasakan Anda menonton film bahasa asing, biasanya film asing
disertakan teks bahasanya masing-masing. Nah disitulah Anda mencoba untuk
mentranslate bahasa tersebut ke bahasa Indonesia. Hal ini untuk
meningkatkan daya ingat Anda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Membiasakan diri menulis kata-kata dalam bahasa
asing secara baik dan benar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><br />
Carilah teman dari negara asing untuk melakukan conversation atau
percakapan dengan orang asing tersebut. Dengan Anda melakukan percakapan
dengan orang asing, maka Anda tertantang untuk memberikan yang terbaik.
Jika orang asing tersebut mengerti dengan chat Anda, berarti Anda su</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ah berhasil menguasai bahasa
asing tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dengan terbiasa menggunakan </span><a href="http://www.tdwclub.com/bahasa-2833/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kosakata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> asing
dalam kehidupan Anda sehari-hari. Karena dengan Anda bisa menguasai bahasa
asing terutama bahasa Internasional yaitu Inggris dan Mandarin, maka karir Anda
akan mudah meningkat. Lakukan dan belajarlah bahasa asing dari sekarang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-16889216558540449862014-12-17T21:24:00.002-08:002014-12-17T21:24:31.500-08:00PERAN HANYU PINYIN DALAM BAHASA MANDARIN TINGKAT DASAR DIKALANGAN ANAK REMAJA SURABAYA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seiring
dengan keberadaaan China yang semakin diperhitungkan didunia, semakin banyak
pual orang yang tertarik dengan perkembangan Negara China yang pesat, hal ini membuat
bahasa Mandarin sedikit demi sedikit berkembang didunia internasional. Bnayak
Negara yang mulai menyadari betapa pentingnya bahasa Mandarin itu, Negara Indonesia
merupakan salah satu Negara yang beranggapan demikian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Melihat perkembangan Negara China, membuat
banyak sekali orang-orang yang berminat untuk menguasai bahasa Mandarin, makin
banyak pula sekolah-sekolah di Indonesia yang menjadikan bahasa Mandarin
sebagai mata pelajaran bahasa pilihan yang wajib untuk dipelajari. Sadarnya
pihak sekolah akan pentingnya bahasa Mandarin membuat bahasa Mandarin tidak
hanya diajarkan di sekolah swasta saja, melainkan juga di sekolah negeri milik
pemerintah. Akan tetapi setiap sekolah memiliki standar kompetensi dan
ketetapan yang berbeda-beda, ada sekolah yang hanya menenkankan pada kemampuan
baca dan tulis siswa, ada sekolah yang hanya menekankan kemampuan mendengar.
Yang terlebih dahulu harus mengetahui dan memahami apa itu hanyu pinyin dan apa
yang harus diperhatikan dalam mengajarkannya, dan bagaimana peran hanyu pinyin dalam pengajaran
bahasa Mandarin. Sehingga ketika mengajarkan hal ini, pengajar tidak salah
langkah dalam memberikan informasi. Disamping itu, penyusun juga ingin
mengingatkan kepada para pengajar bahasa Mandarin akan perbedaan pelafalan pada
Hanyu Pinyin dengan bahasa Indonesia, sehingga pengajar tidaklah salah dalam
mengajarkan Hanyu Pinyin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Penyusun melalui kesempatan ini
ingin memberikan pengetahuan seputar pengaruh Hanyu Pinyin dalam pengajaran
bahasa Mandarin serta mengingatkan pengajar ataupun pembelajar akan betapa
pentingnya mengetahui Hanyu Pinyin sebelum mengajarkan ataupun belajar bahasa
Mandarin. Penyusun berharap hal ini
dapat bermanfaat bagi setiap orang yang ingin belajar ataupun mengajarkan
bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adapun dari
uraian pada latar belakang terdapat permasalahan yang dapat diangkat antara
lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.Bagaimana
peran Hanyu Pinyin dalam pengajaran Ba hasa Mandarin ditinjau dari sisi bentuk
proses pengajaran, pengajar dan pembelajar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.Bagaimana
pengaruh fonetik bahasa Indonesia dalam proses pembelajaran konsonan dan vocal
Hanyu Pinyin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adapun yang
menjadi tujuan penelitian dari skripsi ini antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.Mengetahui
dan memahami peran Hanyu Pinyin dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin ditinjau
dari sisi bentuk pengajaran, pengajar dan pembelajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.Mengetahui
dan menganalisis bagaimana perbedaan dan persamaan fonetik bahasa Indonesia
dengan Hanyu Pinyin, khususnya tentang konsonen dan vocal yang dimiliki oleh
keduanya dapat mempengaruhi proses pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Manfaat
penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penyusun
dalam menyusun tugas akhir ini menyimpulkan beberapa manfaat penelitian sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.Bagi
pendidikan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dapat menjadi
kajian yang berguna untuk menambah pengetahuan dan referensi pengajar dalam
mengajarkan Bahasa Mandarin di era yang semakin berkembang ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.Bagi
masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dengan adanya
hasil dari penelitian ini, diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan serta pengetahuan
tentang pengertian Hanyu Pinyin dan pengaruh fonetik Bahasa Indonesia dalam
pembelajaran Hanyu Pinyin, yang nantinya
dapat digunakan maupun diperhatikan saat proses belajar mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. Bagi
universitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dapat
menjadi bahan pertimbangan dan masukan
untuk dosen pengajar serta mahasiawa dalam proses belajar mengajar yang lebih
cermat untuk pengajaran bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.Bagi pemula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dapat menjadi
referensi dan pengetahuan baru dalam proses mengajar secra lebih cermat dan
tertata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ruang Lingkup
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ruang lingkup
yang dipilih oleh penyusun adalah HAnyu Pinyin dan perannya dalam berbagai
macam bentuk pengajaran bahasa Mandarin, serta tanggapan pengajar dan
pembelajar bahasa Mandarin mengenai peran Hanyu Pinyin dalam proses belajar
mengajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pembelajaran
Bahan Mandarin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
mempelajari bahasa asing tentunya terdapat keterampilan dasar yang harus
dikuasai untuk memperoleh proses belajar. Keterampilan-keterampilan dasar
inilah yang nantinya akan menentukan sejauh mana penguasaan pembelajar atas
bahasa asing tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Dalam pembelajaran bahasa asing,
khsusunya bahasa Mandarinke-empat keterampialn seperti mendengar, berbicara,
membaca dan menulis tidak didapat secara otomatis melainkan perlu dilatih
secara teratur dan berulangkali, ini dikarenakan adanay perbedaan yang mencolok
antara bahasa Mandarin dengan bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Karakteristik
Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahasa
Mandarin sama dengan bahasa-bahasa lain yang memiliki karakteristik tersendiri.
Dalam hal ini ciri khas bahasa Mandarin meliputi fonetik serta yang membuat
bahasa Mandarin berbeda dari bahasa yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fonetik</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Fonetik adalah alat ucap manusia
yang ketika suara ini diucapkan mengandung suatu arti/makna tertentu. Fonetik
dapat dieplajari saat kita belajar Hnyu Pinyin.
Dalam fonetik dapat disuarakan karena adanya penggabungan dari
konsonen,huruf vokal, dan nada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fonetik
Konsonen dan Vokal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Setiap bahasa
tentunya memiliki cara baca ataupun suaranya sendiri, begitu pula bahasa
Mandarin. Bahasa Mandarin memang tidak menggunakan abjad latin dalam
penulisannya, akan tetapi pada tahun 1958 pemerintah China meremiskan
penggunaan system fonetik pinyin untuk membantu orang asing mempelajari bahasa
mandarin. Bentuk penelitian pinyin biasanya terdiri dari satu suku kata, setiap
suku kata terdiri atas tiga bagian penting, yaitu huruf konsonen, hruuf vocal,
dan nada. Jika sebelumnya telah dijelaskan tentang konsonen dan vokal Hanyu
Pinyin, berikut akan dibatas secara lebih dalam lagi mengenai konsonen dan
vokal tunggal Hanyu Pinyin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penjelasan
Mengenai fonetik Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam
mempelajari suatu bahasa tentu saja kita akan terlebih dahulu </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mempelajari bunyi dari bahasa
tersebut. Setiap bahasa yang ada di dunia ini tentunya memiliki sistem
fonetiknya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam
buku;pesona bahasa indoensia;(2005),secara garis besar bunyi bahasa indonesia
dikelompokan menjadi dua,yaitu konsonen dan vokal. Pengelompokan ini didasarkan
pada ada atau tidaknya hambatan aliran udara dalam proses produksi bumi.
Konsonen adalah satuan bumi yang dihasilkan jika aliran udara yang keluar dari
paru-paru mengalami hambatan. Vokal adalah satuan bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh
alat bicara jika aliran udara yang keluar dari paru-paru tidak mengalami
hambatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> METODE
PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Subjek penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subjek penelitian ini adalah hanyu
pinyin khususnya tentang vokal dan konsonennya. Selain itu penyusun juga
mengumpulkan informasi dari pengajar bahasa mandarin yang telah berpengalaman
dibidangnya dan mahasiswa universitas Widya Kartika yang memepelajari bahasa
mandarin. Informan yang merupakan pengajar bahasa mandarin dalam penelitian ini
harus memenuhi persyaratan utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Waktu Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai
bukan November 2014 saat penyusun sedang menyelesaikan studi di universitas
Widya Kartika dan sampai sekarang. Lamanya penelitian ini antara lain mulai dai
bulan November 2014 sampai dengan desember 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.3 Instrumen penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis penelitian ini adalah
penelitian deskriftif kualitatif. Mendefinisikan penelitian kualitatif sebagai
suatu pendekatan atau penelusuran untuk mengeksplorasi dan memahami suatu
gejala sentral. Untuk mengerti gejala sentral tersebut penyusun mewawancarai
informan penelitian atau paritisipan dengan mengajukan pertanyaan yang umum dan
agak luas. Informasi yang disampaikan oleh partisipan kemudian dikumpulkan.
Informasi tersebut biasanya berupa kata atau teks yang kemudian dianalisis. Hasil
analisis itu dapat berupa deskripsi atau dapat pula dalam bentuk tema-tema,
dari data tersebut dibuat interpretasi untuk menangkap arti yang terdalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4 Teknik pengumpulan data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenisa data yang diperoleh dibagi
menjadi dua,yakni data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari
studi pustaka. Data sekunder diperoleh dari wawanara langsung dengan informan
penelitian dan data kuisioner dari para pembelajar bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi
pustaka tidak terlepas dari teori yang mendasari masalah yang akan diteliti.
Penyusun akan mendapat informasi dengan membaca buku-buku tentang penelitian
sejenis yang berkaitan dengan penyusunannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara
atau interview merupakan alat pengumpulan data yang sangat penting dalam
penelitian yang melibatkan manusia sebagai subyek sehubungan dengan realitas
atau gejala yang dipilih untuk diteliti. Pedoman wawancara biasanya tidak
berisi pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang mendetail, tetapi sekedar garis besar tentang
data atau informasi yang ingin didapatkan dari informan yang nanti dapat
dikembangkan dengan memperhatikan perkembangan, konteks, dan situasi wawancara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuisioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuisioner
merupakan daftar pertanyaan tertulis yang telah disusun sebelumnya. Pertanyaan
– pertanyaan yang terdapat data Kuisioner, daftar pertanyaan tersebut cukup
terperinci dan lengkap, biasanya sudah menyediakan pilihan jawaban atau
memberikan kesempatan responden menjawab secara bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL DAN
PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam bab ini, akan dibahas mengenai
peran Hanyu Pinyin dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin yang ditinjau dari sisi
bentuk pengajaran dari sisi pengajar dan juga dari sisi pembelajar. Selain itu,
akan dibahas juga mengenai pengaruh fonetik bahasa Indonesia dalam pembelajaran
Hanyu Pinyin, apa saja perbedaan dan persamaan konsonen dan vokal tunggal
bahasa Indonesia dengan Hanyu Pinyin yang mempengaruhi pembelajar dalam
mempelajari Hanyu Pinyin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1 Peran Hanyu Pinyin dalam
Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hanyu Pinyin dalam memberikan bunyi
pada karakter Mandarin, penulisan bahasa Mandarin dan lain –lain, memiliki
kegunaan yang tidak dapat diabaikan. Adalah materi pembelajaran yang tidak
seharusnya dilewatkan oleh pembelajar khususnya pembelajar bahasa Mandarin
karena ini merupakan bahasa yang nantinya akan memudahkan pembelajar dalam
belajar bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2 Peran Hanyu Pinyin ditinjau dari
Sisi Pengajar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bahasa Mandarin memang telah menjadi
salah satu bahasa yang cukup populer saat ini. Jika melihat perkembangannya
telah banyak pula sekolah – sekolah yang mengajarkan bahasa ini kepada murid –
murid. Akan tetapi, banyak pula yang tidak mengajarkan Hanyu Pinyin kepada
murid – murid, karena Hanyu Pinyin dianggap tidak penting untuk dipelajari oleh
murid. Banyak yang beranggapan bahwa dapat menulis karakter Mandarin saja sudah
cukup baik dikatakan telah menguasai bahasa Mandarin padahal dalam
pengucapannya masih banyak kekurangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN
SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada bab ini, akan dibahas
tentang kesimpulan dan saran dari hasil penelitian tugas akhir ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berdasarkan penjelasan dan hasil
penelitian di bab sebelumnya, maka penyusun dapat menarik kesimpulan sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam mempelajari bahasa Mandarin memang tidak dapat
dipungkiri bahwa karakter Mandarin adalah hal utama yang harus dipelajari, akan
tetapi lebih mudah jika menggunakan peran Hanyu Pinyin sebagai alat bantu
pembelajaran. Hanyu Pinyin dalam pengajaran bahasa Mandarin memiliki peran
sebagai alat bantu pengajaran dan dalam segala
bentuk pengajaran bahasa Mandarin, Hanyu Pinyin memiliki peranan tersendiri
yang tidak dapat digantikan terutama pada saat mengajarkan bahasa Mandarin pada
pembelajar, akan lebih mudah jika menggunakan bantuan Hanyu Pinyin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para pengajar bahasa Mandarin beranggapan bahwa Hanyu Pinyin
memiliki peran penting dalam pengajaran bahasa Mandarin, karena Hanyu Pinyin
dapat menjadi alat bantu bagi para pembelajar bahasa Mandarin. Hanyu Pinyin
memudahkan para pembelajar asing yang mempelajari bahasa Mandarin sebagai
bahasa kedua mereka. Hanyu Pinyin berperan sebagai alat bantu dalam pelajaran
percakapan dan mendengar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berdasarkan
kesimpulan di atas yang menyatakan bahwa Hanyu Pinyin memiliki peranan
tersendiri dalam pengajaran bahasa Mandarin dan pada saat proses pengajaran
berlangsung, pengajar diharapkan untuk memperhatikan adanya pengaruh dari
fonetik bahasa Indonesia yang dapat menghambat berjalannya proses pengajaran,
maka penyusun memberikan beberapa saran kepada pengajar bahasa Mandarin untuk
dapat lebih melaksanakan pengajaran yang lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-79464819432711532422014-12-17T21:22:00.002-08:002014-12-17T21:22:59.131-08:00KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN KATA “遍” DAN “次” PADA KALANGAN ANAK MUDA DI UNIVERSITAS WIDYA KARTIKA SURABAYA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">I.1</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> <b>Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di
Indonesia, selain bahasa Inggris yang penting dalam perkembangan jaman era
globalisasi saat ini, bahasa Mandarin juga merupakan bahasa Asing ke dua yang
tidak kalah penting dengan bahasa Inggris. Sekarang bahasa Mandarin cukup
diminati dan dibutuhkan di lingkungan kerja. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari
semakin banyaknya perusahaan – perusahaan memberikan syarat atas penerimaan
pegawai baru dengan kemampuan bahasa Mandarin, baik secara aktif maupun pasif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bahasa Mandarin dan bahasa Inggris
sama – sama merupakan bahasa Asing bagi orang Indonesia, namun dalam
pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin, bahasa Mandarin lebih sulit dari pada bahasa
Inggris. Hal tersebut bisa terjadi
karena bahasa Mandarin lebih jarang di temukan di lingkungan sekitar kita,
seperti di media massa, media elektronik dan brosur – brosur lebih sering
menggunakan bahasa Inggris dari pada bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">I.2 Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> Rumusan masalah yang akan dibahas oleh
penulis adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Apa saja jenis kesalahan dalam penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">yang dibuat oleh kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika
Surabaya?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kesalahan pada kalangan anak muda di
Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya pada saat menggunakan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”?</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">I.3 Tujuan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> Tujuan penelitian ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Untuk mengetahui jenis kesalahan dalam penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">yang dibuat oleh kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika
Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Untuk mengetahui faktor – faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kesalahan pada
kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya dalam penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> .</span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">I.4 Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> Beberapa manfaat penelitian ini adalah
sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Bagi Peneliti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Membantu peneliti dalam mengembangkan kemampuan diri dalam mengajar
Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Menambah pengetahuan mengenai teori dasar penggunaan kata Bahasa
Mandarin </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Menambah pengetahuan tentang jenis – jenis kesalahan dan faktor – faktor
yang mempengaruhi kesalahan dalam penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Bagi Masyarakat Luas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Penelitian ini
dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengetahuan tambahan dan informasi mengenai teori
dasar penggunaan kata Bahasa Mandarin</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> serta jenis – jenis kesalahan dan
juga faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan dalam penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Bagi Mahasiswa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam menulis tugas akhir
mahasiswa dan menambah pengetahuan tentang teori dasar penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">serta jenis – jenis kesalahan dan faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi
kesalahan dalam penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">II.1 Landasan
Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Landasan teori menjadi
dasar penelitian untuk dapat berpijak dalam sebuah penelitian. Landasan teori
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori tata bahasa Mandarin. Bagian
dari tata bahasa Mandarin adalah kata, gabungan kata, dan kalimat yang
merupakan hal yang penting dalam tata bahasa Mandarin (Qi Hu Yang 2009:18).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Tata bahasa Mandarin
adalah kaidah atau aturan-aturan penyusunan kata,gabungan kata, dan kalimat
(Suparto 2003 : 1). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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adalah suatu kaidah pembentukan kalimat dengan kata-kata yang ada ( YongXin
2005 :1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">II.2 Pembelajaran
Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Dalam mempelajari bahasa asing, tentunya
terdapat ketrampilan dasar yang harus dikuasai untuk memperoleh proses belajar.
Keterampilan – keterampilan dasar inilah yang nantinya akan menentukan sejauh
mana penguasaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">II.3
Karakteristik Kata </span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次<span lang="IN">”</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Kata “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” diartikan
sebagai “kali”. Dalam bahasa Mandarin “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” menekankan bahwa proses yang tindakan dilakukan
itu dari awal sampai akhir sedangkan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” itu menunjuk jumlah kejadian atau proses tersebut
berlangsung, tidak menekankan kejadian atau proses tersebut harus lengkap.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, “kali” merupakan kata keterangan untuk menyatakan waktu
terjadinya peristiwa yang merupakan bagian dari rangkaian peristiwa yang pernah
dan masih akan terus terjadi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Bahasa ibu terhadap bahasa kedua pelajar memiliki pengaruh yang sangat
besar, terutama terhadap pelajar pemula. Kalangan muda cenderung menggunakan
bahasa ibu untuk menerjemahkan dan menggunakan arti dari sebuah kata. Anak muda
sering menggunakan arti dari bahasa Mandarin diterjemahkan bahasa Indonesia
memiliki arti yang sama, maka di kalimat juga memiliki cara penggunaan yang
sama. Pada kenyataannya, sepasang kata yang artinya sama, setelah diterjemahkan
ke bahasa Indonesia, penggunaan kosakata bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Mandarin
tidak seluruhnya sama, dua kosakata tersebut pasti memiliki perbedaan. Oleh
sebab itu, pelajar terbiasa membawa tata bahasa bahasa ibu untuk disamakan
dengan bahasa Mandarin, dan pada akhirnya menimbulkan kesalahan berbahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">METODE PENELITIAN</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">III.1 Subjek Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Peneliti melakukan
penelitian kesalahan pengguaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” pada
kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">III.2 Waktu Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Penelitian dilakukan pada
tanggal 1 Desember 2014, dalam waktu pukul 12.30 – 13.30, mengikuti jam
istirahat prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">III.3 Instrumen Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Instrumen
penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasi langsung pada kalangan muda yang ada
di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya dalam menggunakan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” , yang juga
melibatkan pengalaman peneliti sendiri mengenai masalah – masalah yang pernah
ditemui dalam proses pembelajaran dan penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">III.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Berdasarkan instrument
penelitian di atas, peneliti telah mengumpulkan data – data yang diperoleh.
Pada proses pengumpulan data, peneliti melakukan observasi secara langsung pada
kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya. Hasil observasi
tersebut kemudian dikumpulkan, diklasifikasi, dianalisa dan dilaporkan dalam
bentuk <i>descriptive analysis.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Adapun proses pengumpulan
data melalui hasil kerja dari kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika
Surabaya mengenai penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”. Pada penelitian secara tertulis, peneliti
melakukan evaluasi tertulis mengenai pemahaman kalangan anak muda terhadap
materi secara keseluruhan. Hasil tes tertulis yang peneliti peroleh tersebut
kemudian dianalisis dan dilaporkan dalam bentuk kuantitatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">III.5 Teknik Analisis Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Pada penelitian
kualitatif, hasil observasi akan disajikan dalam bentuk <i>descriptive analysis.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Pada penelitian
kuantitatif, peneliti melakukan tes evaluasi pembelajaran, hasil test
pembelajaran diperoleh melalui test evaluasi tertulis. Peneliti evaluasi ini
berdasarkan pada penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">IV.1 Jenis Kesalahan dan Persentasi Kesalahan
Penggunaan </span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Tercampur / tertukar<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Penggunaan kata</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” pada kalimat “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我已经去</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">过两遍长城了</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Saya sudah pergi ke Great Wall 2 kali).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">“</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">去</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">过”</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menandakan suatu peristiwa telah berlalu dan tidak memerlukan suatu
proses untuk melakukannya , maka seharusnya diganti menjadi “</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我已经去</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">过两</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">长城了”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan kata “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次<span lang="IN">” pada kalimat “</span>遍<span lang="IN">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(*)</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">今天的课文我已</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">经读</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">了三</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">了 (</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari ini, saya sudah membaca bacaan 3 kali).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">读</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">了” </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menandakan suatu peristiwa telah berlalu dan memerlukan suatu proses
untuk melakukannya, maka seharusnya diganti menjadi “</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">今天的课文我已</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">经读</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">了三</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Heiti SC Light'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">了”.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV.2 Prosentase Kesalahan Penggunaan </span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
merupakan hasil test yang dilakukan kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya tentang penggunaan kata keterangan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” berdasarkan
lembar evaluasi. Berikut hasilnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Nomer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Keterangan : A = Jumlah kesalahan
tercampur / tertukar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> B = Jumlah siswa yang mengerjakannya
dengan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosentase dari
hasil evaluasi adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis A : 14/26
x 100% = 53,85%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis B : 12/26
x 100% = 46,15%</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Analisa Hasil Penelitian
Kesalahan Penggunaan Kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” pada kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Tabel hasil penelitian menunjukkan
prosentase kesalahan penggunaan kata “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” pada
kalangan muda di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya adalah sebagai berikut :
pada jenis A yaitu tertukar atau tercampur, prosentase 46,15%, pada jenis B
yaitu siswa yang mengerjakannya dengan benar, prosentase sebesar 53,85%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Menurut hasil penelitian, kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya lebih banyak melakukan kesalahan jenis A yaitu penggunaan kata
keterangan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">kata “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” yang tercampur atau tertukar, dengan prosentase sebesar
53,85%, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">dibandingkan
jenis B yaitu siswa yang mengerjakannya dengan benar, prosentase sebesar 46,15%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">IV.3 Faktor –
faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kesalahan Penggunaan Kata </span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Melalui proses
penelitian, peneliti menemukan beberapa alasan penyebab terjadinya kesalahan
dalam penggunaan kedua kata tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> Alasan pertama yaitu alasan yang paling sering ditemui
adalah, karena mereka merasa</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” memiliki arti yang sama dalam Bahasa Indonesia
yaitu “kali”, dari sini mereka mengaku susah untuk menentukan kapan harus
menggunakan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan
kapan harus menggunakan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Selain itu, penggunaan kata “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” ini sendiri
juga lebih rumit dibandingkan kata “kali” dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang cara
pemakaiannya sederhana. Banyak kalangan anak muda merasa kesulitan dalam
mengerti, mempelajari dan menggunakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Dari hasil penelitian, dapat
disimpulkan menjadi 3 faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan penggunaan kata “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” yaitu pengaruh
Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa ibu, kerumitan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan penguasaan teori yang kurang
sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">V.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Berdasarkan penelitian
kesalahan dalam penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> pada
kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini,
peneliti menemukan bahwa ada beberapa faktor tertentu yang menyebabkan
kalangan anak remaja di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya banyak melakukan
kesalahan daam penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Dari
hasil penelitian, diketahui beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan pada
kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya dalam penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> yaitu penguasaan teori yang kurang sempurna
dan pengaruh dari Bahasa Indonesia yang merupakan bahasa ibu kita.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">V.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> Berdasarkan hasil penelitian mengenai kesalahan dalam
penggunaan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">pada
kalangan anak muda di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya, peneliti menyarankan
beberapa saran yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Peneliti menyarankan agar pengajaran mengenai penggunaan
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kata
</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">“</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">遍</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">” dan “</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">次</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"> pada kalangan anak muda harus lebih
ditingkatkan untuk mengurangi kesalahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;">Pengajar Bahasa Mandarin disarankan untuk
memperhatikan jenis – jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kalangan anak muda
dan juga pengajar diharapkan untuk menggunakan metode pengajaran yang tepat
agar dapat mengurangi terjadinya kesalahan – kesalahan yang serupa pada kalangan
anak muda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-21438318880961533582014-12-17T21:19:00.002-08:002014-12-17T21:19:16.689-08:00PEMBELAJARAN KARAKTER BAHASA MANDARIN BAGI PELAJAR INDONESIA YANG BELAJAR MANDARIN DI CHONGQING<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seiring
dengan perkembangan dunia yang sangat cepat, di Indonesiabahasa Inggris bukan
merupakan satu-satunya bahasa pengantar dalam komunikasi Internasional tetapi
telah banyak bahasa lainnya yang dijadikan bahasa pengantar dalam hubungan
Internasional, diantaranya adalah bahasa Mandarin. Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
berbahasa, saat ini orang-orang mulai memperkaya diri dengan menguasai beberapa
bahasa asing, khususnya dalam bahasa Mandarin. Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, di
Indonesia juga terjadi fenomena dan masuknya bahasa Mandarin sangat disambut hangat
oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2004 banyak sekolah di Indonesia yang
menjadikan bahasa Mandarin sebagai salah satu pelajaran muatan lokal dalam
kurikulum sekolah, sedangkan sekolah-sekolah Internasional menjadikan bahasa
Mandarin sebagai bahasa yang wajib dipelajarin oleh siswanya, serta banyak
lembaga formal maupun non-formal yang membuka kursus bahasa Mandarin. Fenomena
ini juga terjadi diseluruh strata pendidikan di Indonesia, mulai dari
PG,TK,SD,SMP,SMA serta SMK yang telah memiliki mata pelajaran bahasa Mandarin
serta ada beberapa perguruan tinggi yang telah memiliki program studi untuk
pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin, di antaranya Universitas Widya Kartika,
Surabaya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
ketrampilan berbahasa dalam kurikulum sekolah terdapat empat segi, yaitu
menyimak(mendengar), berbicara, membaca dan menulis. Oleh karena itu,
pembelajaran bahasa harus mampu menguasai dengan baik komunikasi maupun
tertulis. Faktanya siswa Indonesia menganggap komunikasi tertulis tidak terlalu
penting dibandingkan dengan komunikasi lisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
pembelajaran bahasa kedua adalah membuat siswa dapat menguasai kemampuan
berbahasa khususnya dalam melakukan interaksi komunikasi, kemampuan mambeaca
dan menulis. Begitu pula dengan pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin yang hanya
berpusat pada komunikasi verbal, maka dalam pembelajaran karakter bahasa
Mandarin masih bisa untuk dihindari. Tetapi apabila hendak menguasai suatu
interaksi yang sempurna baik lisan maupun tertulisa, maka pembelajaran karakter
bahasa Mandarin tidak dapat untuk dihindari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembelajarn karakter bahasa Mandarin, siswa beranggapan mengingat karakter
bahasa Mandarin bagian tersulit untuk dikuasai. Apabila ditelusuri lebih lanjut
yang membuat siswa tersebut beranggapan susah untuk dikuasai, yaitu bentuk
goresan, urutan goresan, urutan penulisan karakter bahasa Mandarin yang cukup
rumit dan kompleks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun
karakter bahasa Mandarin menurut sebagian besar pelajar Indonesia sangat sulit
untuk dikuasai tetapi para siswa tetap diharuskan untuk mengingat karakter
bahasa Mandarin dengan sempurna. Sehingga dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa
Mandarin para siswa wajib untuk menguasai elemen-elemen bahasa Mandarin,yaitu
pelafalan, kosakata, tata bahasa dan karakter bahasa Mandarin. Yang
diperhatikan dalam bahasa Mandarin adalah nada (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">声调</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">),
konsonan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">声母</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">),
vokal(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">韵母</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
serta harus mengingat banyak kata dan memahami tata bahasa Mandarin. Dalam
pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan adalah
goresan, urutan goresan, struktur penulisan bahasa Mandarin dan radikal.
Sehingga dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin
cukup banyak bagian yang dipelajari baik itu komunikasi lisan maupun
komunikasi tertulis sehingga para siswa seringkali melakukan kesalahan dalam
mempelajarinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh
karena itu, pada kesempatan ini penulis ingin lebih fokus membahas
kesalahan-kesalahan dna penyebab siswa dalam meningkatkan karakter bahasa
Mandarin serta saran-saran yang mungkin dapat bermanfaat baik itu untuk guru
maupun siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian
latar belakang pembahasan di atas, dapat dirumuskan beberapa permasalahan yang
timbul yaitu sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan
apa saja yang sering dialami oleh pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa
Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin? Beserta alasannya?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab
kesalahan apa saja yang ditimbulkan dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
penerapan pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin berdasarkan pembelajaran
goresan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">笔画</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">),
urutan goresan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">笔顺</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dan radikal(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">偏旁</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam membantu pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
untuk dapat mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin dengan lebih mudah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai
dengan rumusan masalah tersebut tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi
kesalahn yang sering dialami oleh pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa
Mandarin di Chongqing (Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam meningkatkan karakter bahasa Mandarin beserta alasannya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi penyebab
kesalahan dalam meningat karakter bahasa Mandarin.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendeskripsikan
penerapan pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin berdasarkan pembelajaran
goresan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">笔画</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">),
urutan goresan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">笔顺</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).
Dan radikal(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">偏旁</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam membantu pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
untuk dapat mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin dengan lebih mudah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
penulisan makalah ini selain memberi manfaat bagi penulis juga diharapkan dapat
memberikan manfaat bagi para pembava, khususnya pelajar Indonesia yang belajar
bahasa Mandarin, guru bahasa Mandarin dan universitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
penulis dengan eneliti pengajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin,dapat menambah dan
memperkaya wawasan dalam mengembangkan metode pengajaran karakter bahasa
Mandarin serta dapat memperdalam ilmu yang telah diperoleh selama perkuliahan
dan berharap ketika terjun dalam dunia pengajaran dapat menerapkan penelitian
ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
pembaca,penulis berharap mengharapkan hasil dari peneliti ini dapat memberikan pengetahuan dan
informasi yang lebih mendalam bagi pembaca tentang pengajaran karakter bahasa
Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin,diharapkan dapat mengatasi
kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin
dengan berdasarkan minat an ketertarikan dalam bebagai rekomendasi pembelajarn
karakter bahasa Mandarin sehingga dapat membantu dalam membantu mengingat
karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
guru bahasa Mandarin, dapat merekomendasikan beberapa cara dalam mengingat
karakter bahasa Mandarin serta penerapan pengajaran dapat disesuaikan dengan
minat dan ketertarikan siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
universitas, dapat menegenalkan penerapan pengajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin
kepada para mahasiswa strata 1 program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang Lingkup
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ruang
lingkup penelitian ini adalh pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dengan jenjang pembelajaran 1-6 tahun, dengan uraian lama belajar 1-2 tahun 25
pelajar, 3-4 tahun 24 pelajar, dan 5-6 tahun 11 pelajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
kesempatan kali ini, penulis menganilisi kesalahan apa yang sering dilakukan
oleh pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing
Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Definisi Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memperjelas
istilah pemahaman tentang makalah ini, maka perlu untuk memberikan sebuah
definisi opersional mengenai penelitian ini yaitu pengertian karakter bahasa
Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Han
Jiantang(2001) karakter bahasa Mandarin adalah salah satu tulisan yang paling
tua di dunia dan merupakan sistem simbol penulisan bahasa Mandarin serta dasar
strukturnya mengandung bunyi, bentuk, arti yang digabungkan menjadi satu huruf
dan juga menjadi sebuah tulisan yang unik dan menunjukkan arti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Review
Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANALISIS KESALAHAN
KALIMAT “<i>BEI” </i>BAHASA MANDARIN PADA
MURID-MURID INDONESIA DI CHONGQING NORMAL UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah penulis
meneliti penggunaan kalimat “<i>bei” </i>bahasa
Mandarin bagi mahasiswa Indonesia yang belajar di Chongqing Normal University
dapat dilihat perbedaan-perbedaan antara kedua bahasa tersebut dan juga
mengetahui jenis-jenis kesalahan yang sering dialami oleh para murid-murid
Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing Normal University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-jenis kesalahan
yang sering dilakukan oleh mahasiswa Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing Normal University adalah 1)kesalahan lalai menambahkan kata kerja
predikat 2)menambahkan unsur lain dibelakang predikat 3)urutan kata keterangan
dalam kalimat 4) penggunaan kata kerja intransif sebagai predikat 5)menggunakan
kata sifat sebagai predikat 6) kesalahan penambahan “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor yang
penulis temukan adalah sebagai berikut 1)faktor pengaruh Bahasa Indonesia
sebagai Bahasa Ibu 2) faktor generalisasi
berlebihan 3) kompleksitas dari Kalimat “<i>bei”</i> Bahasa Mandarin itu Sendiri 4) faktor cara pengajaran yang
kurang tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANALISIS KESALAHAN
PENGGUNAAN SINONIM BAHASA MANDARIN TERHADAP MAHASISWA INDONESIA DI CHONGQING
NORMAL UNIVERSITY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah penulis
meneliti kesalahan yang sering dilakukan oleh mahasiswa Indoneia yang belajar
di Chongqing Normal University dalam penggunaan sinonim bahasa Mandarin, waktu
belajar tidak menjamin bahwa mahasiswa Indonesia tersebut bisa terhindar dari
kesalahan dalam penggunaan sinonim bahasa Mandarin , tetapi yang terjadi adalah
berkurangnya kesalahan penggunaan sinonim bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesulitan bagi
mahasiswa Indonesia yang belajar di Chongqing Normal University adalah karena
jumlah sinonim yang bervariasi sehingga membuat mereka sulit untuk dapat
menguasai seluruh sinonim bahasa Mandarin yang ada. Dengan menggunakan metode perbandingan antara
bahasa Mandarin dengan bahasa Indonesia dapat membantu mahasiswa Indonesia
dapat menggunakan sinonim bahasa Mandarin dengan tepat dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGGUNAAN MEDIA <i>POWER POINT DAN FLASH CARD </i>UNTUK
PEMBELAJARAN KATA BANTU BILANGAN “ </span></b><b><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瓶,双,件,条,个,位“</span></i></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DALAM BAHASA MANDARIN
PADA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP YPPI-2 SURABAYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah penulis
melakukan penelitian dikalangan siswa-siswi SMP YPPI-2 Surabaya, penulis dapat
menyimpulkan bahwa dalam penggunaan kata bantu bilangan dikalangan siswa-siswi
SMP YPPI-2 Surabaya masih banyak siswa-siswi yang tidak mengetahui cara
penggunaannya dan ketidakcocokan dalam penggunaan kata bantu bilangan dalam
bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah dengan
menggunakan bantuan <i>media power point dan
flash card</i> siswa-siswi SMP YPPI-2 Surabaya sudah mulai memahami cara
penggunaan kata bantu bilangan bahasa Mandarin yang baik dan benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANALISIS KESALAHAN
PENGGUNAAN KATA </span></b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“BU<i>” </i>DAN </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">没</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“MEI” PADA SISWA-SISWI
KELAS 4 DAN 5 DI SDK WIJANA SEJATI MOJOKERTO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah penulis
melakukan penelitian dikalangan siswa-siswi kelas 4 dan 5 di SDK Wijana Sejati
Mojokerto, penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa siswa-siswi kelas 4 dan 5 SD masih
tidak bisa membedakan kata <i>BU </i> dan <i>MEI </i> bahasa Mandarin dengan benar. Hanya sedikit
siswa-siswi kelas 4 dan 5 SD yang mengerti dan mengetahui cara penggunaan kata <i>BU </i>dan <i>MEI </i>bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah diberi
penjelasan oleh guru mereka, akhirnya mereka mengerti cara penggunaan kata <i>BU </i>dan <i>MEI </i> bahasa Mandarin dengan
tepat dan sedikit terjadi kesalahan dalam penggunaan kata tersebut dalam sebuah
kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGGUNAAN METODE PERMAINAN ULAR TANGGA<i> </i>DALAM PEMBELAJARAN HANZI PADA SISWA KELAS VII E SMPK STELLA MARIS
SURABAYA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah penulis
melakukan penelitian dikalangan siswa kelas VII E SMPK Stella Maris Surabaya,
penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa siswa kelas VII E dapat menguasi <i>Hanzi </i>dengan cara bermain sambil belajar
yang dilakukan oleh para guru dan pemulis. Siswa dapat mengenal <i>Hanzi </i>dengan baik dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan cara metode ular
tangga siswa juga lebih tertarik untuk mempelajari <i>Hanzi</i>. Para siswa juga lebih semangat dalam mempelajari bahasa Mandarin
dan lebih semangat untuk mengenal,membaca dan mengetahui arti dari tulisan <i>Hanzi </i> tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa
Mandarin <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Fu Chunjiang
(2008) dalam bukunya yang berjudul <i>Origins
of Chinese Language </i>mengatakan bahwa “ Bahasa yang ditulis dengan penggunaan
karakter bahasa Mandarin dikenal sebagai bahasa Mandarin, juga dikenal sebagai
Mandarin Nasional (<i>Putonghua</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">普通话</span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau <i>Hanyu
</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉语</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan merupakan bahasa
resmi tiongkok” (hal. 113).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Mandarin
merupakan salah satu bahasa komunikasi lisan yang paling banyak digunakan di
dunia. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahasa Mandarin merupakan salah satu bahasa
yang telah menjamur di dunia dan banyak orang (orang yang berada di negara yang
bahasa resminya bukan bahasa Mandarin) yang ingin mempelejarinya, sehingga kebutuhan
pengajar bahasa Mandarin semakin lama semakin meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fu Chunjiang (2008)
juga menjabarkan definisi dari bahasa Mandarin, “Bahasa Mandarin adalah ras Han
dan bahasa Mandarin modern yang menggunakan aksen Beijing sebagai ucapan
standar, dialek Beijing adalah dialek dasar bahasa Mandarin serta pengucapan
karakter bahasa Mandarin sederharna (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">简体字</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
sebagai tata penulisan karakter standar bahasa Mandarin” (hal. 114).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
Bahasa <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Han Jianteng
(2001) karakter bahasa Mandarin adalah salah satu tulisan yang paling tua di
dunia, merupakan sistem simbol penulisan bahasa Mandarin serta dasar
strukturnya mengandung bentuk, bunyi, arti yang digabungkan menjadi satu huruf
dan juga menjadi sebuah tulisan yang unik dan menunjukkan arti. Karakter bahasa
Mandarin merupakan salah satu tulisan yang paling tua di dunia dan merupakan
sistem simbol penulisan yang digunakan untuk mencatat sebuah kejadian. Pada
mulanya, di dalam dunia telah ada tulisan Sumerio kuno dan tulisan Mesir kuno
tetapi semuanya tidak digunakan lagi. Sedangkan tulisan kuno yang paling
bertahan dan digunakan sampai sekarang hanyalah karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah memahami
pengertian karakter bahasa Mandarin secara singkat, pembahasan selanjutnya
adalah asal usul dan perkembangan karakter bahasa Mandarin, pembentukan
karakter bahasa Mandarin serta aturan penulisan karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asal usul perkembangan
karakter bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut Han Jiang
(2001), karakter bahasa Mandarin sudah ada sejka 600 tahun yang lalu. Asal mula
karakter bahasa Mandarin adalah sebuah perjalanan yang lambat dan melewati
jangka waktu yang panjang. Pada jaman dahulu, orang Tiongkok dalam mencatat
sebuah kejadian dengan menggunakan media benda. Salah satunya adalah simpul
ikatan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">结绳</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
serta jejak kaki dan burung dan binatang buas yang mengundang orang Tiongkok
kuno untuk menggunakan media tersebut sebagai alat dalam pencatatan sebuah
peristiwa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asal mula karakter
bahasa Mandarin adalah gambar. Selain itu, karakter bahasa Mandarin perlahan
berubah dari awal mulanya adalah gambar berubah menjadi goresan, dari piktograf
menjadi simbol, dari susah menjadi mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut Fu Chunjiang
(2008) karakter bahasa Mandarin hingga saat ini telah bertambah menjadi 85.000
kata, bentuknya yang sangat banyak dan beragam, bahkan aksara Mandarin telah
menjadi sistem simbol penulisan yang momumental, karakter bahasa Mandarin yangs
ering digunakan sampai saat ini adalah <u>+
</u>3000 kata. Dari jaman dulu sampai sekarang mengalami perubahan yang besar,
dari mulanya simbol,gambar dan perlahan berubah menjadi simbol abstrak. Proses
perubahan karakter bahasa Mandarin ada lima, yaitu <i> Jiaguwen(</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甲骨文</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), Jinwen(</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">金文</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), Xiaozhuan(</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小篆</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), Lishu(</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隶书</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">),Kaishu(</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楷书</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan karakter
bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kita telah mengetahui
bahwa jumlah karakter bahasa Mandarin sangat banyak. Selain itu dalam
pembentukan karakter bahasa Mandarin pun juga tidak sedikit. Oleh karena itu,
marilah kita mengupas satu per satu bagian-bagian dari pembentukan karakter
bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktur karakter
bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
buku <i>Zhongguo Wenhua</i>(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中国文化</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
yang ditulis oleh Han Jiantang(2001), menuliskan bahwa cara pembentukan
karakter bahasa Mandarin menunjukkan struktur pembentukan karakter bahasa
Mandarin. Pada umumnya cara pembentukan karakter bahasa Mandarin ada empat
cara, yaitu piktograf(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">象形</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">),
karakter penanda(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指事</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">),
karakter asosiatif(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会意</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">),
karakter piktofonetik(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">形声</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aturan penulisan
karakter bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
tata penulisan karakter bahasa Mandarin tidak dapat sembarangan, tetap harus
memperhatikan aturan penulisannya, seperti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis <i>heng</i> dulu, baru menulis<i> shu.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis <i>Pie</i> dulu, baru menulis<i> na.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis dari atas ke
bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis dari kanan ke
kiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis bagian tengah
dulu, baru kedua bagian sampingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis dari luar ke
dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menulis dari luar, lalu
bagian dalam dan yang terakhir penutupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan
Pembentukan Penulisan Karakter Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan penelitian
Wu Yingcheng (1991) dalam tulisan Jian Xin dan Liu Yan Mei (2004) dalam
jurnalnya berjudul <i> Pinyin Wenzi Beijing de WaiguoXuesheng Hanzi
Shuxie Cuowu Yanjiu </i>menjelaskan bahwa kesalahan pembentukan penulisan
karakter bahasa Mandarin dapat dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu kesalahan tulisan(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">错字</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dan kesalahan tulisan yang menjadi tulisan lainnya (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">错别字</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wu Yingcheng (1991)
juga menyebutkan dalam penelitiannya di Sekolah Menengah Atas di Singapura
mendapatkan hasil bahwa siswa dalam melakukan kesalahan tulisan (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">错字</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kesalahn tulisan yang menjadi tulisan
lainnya(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">错别字</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).
Selain itu, beliau beranggapan bahwa penyebab kesalahan pembentukan penulisan
karakter bahasa Mandarin adalah jumlah kesamaan bunyi dan tidak benar-benar
memahami karakter bahasa Mandarin yang memiliki pelafalan yang sama ataupun
pelafalannya yang mirip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
Terdahulu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
mengenai pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin bukan hanya penulis, melainkan
ada beberapa orang yang juga telah meneliti pokok bahasan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zhou
Liming (2003) dalam tugas akhir <i>thesis</i>
Strata 2 yang berjudul <i>An Error Analysis
on Korea Student’s Initial Stage of Chinese Acquistion and a Study of the
Teaching Strategies. </i>Permasalahan yang diangkat adalah mahasiswa korea
dengan jurusan bahasa Mandarin dalam menghadapi pengajaran karakter bahasa
Mandarin dan penelitian pembelajaran kepada siswa tidaklah dalam, sehingga
bukan sangat kuat serta ketika siswa menulis karakter bahasa Mandarin sering
ditemukan kesalahan menulis karakter bahasa Mandarin. Dari kesalahan tersebut,
Zhou Liming menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) Kesalahan mneulis karakter bahasa Mandarin
dibagi menjadi kesalahan kemiripan karakter bahasa Mandarin (lebih banyak yang
melakukannya) dan kesalahan kemiripan bunyi karakter bahasa Mandarin; (2)
Tujuan belajar karakter bahasa Mandarin bukan hanya mengerti dan memahami
secara murni karakter bahasa Mandarin tetapi juga harus bisa memilih karakter
bahasa Mandarin; (3) Ketika menulis karakter bahasa Mandarin yang terpenting
adalah membuat siswa memahami dan mengerti dasar-dasar dari karakter bahasa
Mandarin, membimbing siswa untuk menimbulkan minat atau kegemaran menulis
karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan sementara
dari hasil penelitian , kosa kata dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat banyak , cara
baca setiap kata juga hampir menyerupai dan arti setiap kata juga hampir
menyerupai. Kosa kata dalam bahasa Mandarin mempunyai lebih dari 2500 kosa kata
yang tulisan , nada , cara penulisannya yang hampir serupa. Sinomin bahasa Mandarin
juga banyak dan cara penggunaannya bagi mahasiswa Indonesia masih banyak
melakukan kesalahan-kesalahan yang fatal, sehingga mahasiswa Indonesia perlu
banyak berlatih lagi , sehingga dilakukan perbandingan antara bahasa Indonesia
dengan bahasa Mandarin. Kosa kata dalam bahasa Mandarin jika dimasukkan dalam
suatu kalimat , arti dari kosa kata tersebut juga akan menjadi lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jangka waktu yang cukup
lama dalam belajar bahasa Mandarin juga tidak menjamin bahwa mahasiswa tersebut
bisa menguasi bahasa Mandarin dengan baik dan benar dalam menggunakan kosa kata
tersebut dalam sebuah kalimat . Walaupun mahasiswa tersebut sudah cukup lama
mendalami bahasa Mandarin , tetapi tidak melakukan latihan yang cukup , maka
dalam kemampuan menguasi bahasa Mandarin akan kurang dan akan mudah lupa dengan
arti , cara penggunaan kosa kata;kata bantu bilangan dan cara membaca kosa kata tersebut dengan
menggunakan nada yang a baik dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rancangan
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rancangan
penelitian makalah ini dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, metode kuantitaif
untuk mengidentifikasi kesalahan dan penyebab-penyebab kesalahan pelajar
Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin serta mendeskripsikan penerapan
pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin yang serta mendeskripsikan penerapan
karakter bahasa Mandarin yang dapat mempermudah dalam mengingat karakter bahasa
Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis menggunakan penelitian kasus dan
penelitian lapangan. Penelitian kasus dan penelitian lapangan(</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Case Study
and Field Research</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">) adalah penelitian yang bertujuan
untuk mempelajari secara intensif tentang latar belakang keadaan sekarang dan
interaksi lingkungan suatu unit sosial: individu, kelompok dan masayarakat.
Penelitian ini cirinya bersifat mendalam tentang suatu unit sosial tertentu
merupakan gambaran yang lengkap dan terorganisir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rancangan penelitian dilakukan dengan mengamati
permasalahan yang terjadi pada pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin
di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam menguasai karakter bahasa Mandarin. Setelah mengamati permasalahan yang
timbul, penulis melakukan pembagian
kuesionar kepada pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing
Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
agar dapat memastikan permasalahan terbesar mereka dalam belajar karakter
bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat,
Waktu dan Subjek Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan
penelitian ini dilakukan ketika penulis sedang menempuh <i>study</i> lanjut Strata 1 di Chongqing Normal University() penelitian
ini dilakukan kepada pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
sebanyak 60 pelajar, dengan rekap lama belajar 1-2 tahun sebanyak 25 pelajar,
3-4 tahun sebanyak 24 pelajar dan 5-6 tahun sebanyak 11 pelajar. Waktu
pelaksanaan pembagian kuesioner ini yaitu pada November2013 – Desember 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Instrumen
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapat
Sugiyono (2009) “Instrumen Pendidikan adalah suatu alat yang digunakan untuk
mengukur fenomena alam maupun sosial yang diamati. Tanpa instrument, kegiatan
penelitian tidak akan dapat berjalan dengan baik, karena data-data yang
diperlukan belum disiapkan secara sistematis sehingga arah penelitian tidak
jelas” (hal.102).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan
observasi dilakukan selama penulis belajar bahasa Mandarin. Kegiatan kuesionar
digunakan untuk mengetahui kelemahan-kelemahan pelajar Indonesia dalam belajar
karakter bahasa Mandarin dan dapat memikirkan cara penerapan pembelajaran
karakter bahasa Mandarin berdasarkan pembelajaran goresan, urutan goresan,
radikal dan pembentukan karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Pengumpulan Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis
mengawali dengan: (1) Mengumpulkan data-data yang diperlukan; (2) Mengelompokkan
data dengan memilih hal-hal yang pokok; (3) Menghilangkan data-data yang kurang
sesuai dengan topik penelitian, memfokuskan hal-hal yang penting terhadap isi
dari suatu data yang berasal dari pembagian kuesionar, sehingga data yang
dipilih dapat memberikan gambaran yang lebih tajam tentang hasil penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pengumpulan data, penulis menyebarkan kuesionar baik secara langsung maupun <i>via e-mail</i> kepada pelajar Indonesia yang
belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing (Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin, alasan kesalahan mengingat karakter
bahasa Mandarin. Dari hasil kuesionar yang telah diisi, penulis dapat menganalisis kesalahan
berdasarkan jenis kesalahan yang terjadi pada pelajar Indonesia dalam mengingat
karakter bahasa Mandarin, mengetahui penyebab kesalahan serta dapat memikirkan
saran-saran kepada siswa maupun guru dalam pembelajaran karakter bahasa
Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Analisi Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bodgan
dan Biklen seperti yang dikutip oleh Lexy J. Moleong (2000) dalam bukunya
mengatakan bhasa “Analisi data adalah upaya yang dilakukan dengan jalan bekerja
dengan data, mengorganisasi data, memilah-milahnya menjadi santun yang dapat
dikelola, mensintensiskannya, mencari dan menemukan pola, menemukan apa yang
penting dan apa yang dipelajari dan memutuskan apa yang dapat diceritakan
kepada orang lain” (hal.248).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
penelitian pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin, penulis mengobservasi
terlebih dahulu bagian sulit dalam belajar karakter bahasa Mandarin dan
memilah-milahnya pertanyaan yang akan diajukan dalam kuesionar. Selanjutnya,
memilah-milah jenis kesalahan dan penyebabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan-Kesalahan
Pelajar Indonesia yang Belajar Bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing dalam Mengingat
Karakter Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Goresan yang kurang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">降</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">降下</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan mengingat karakter ini terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 3-4 tahun
sebanyak 6 pelajar, 3-4 tahun dan 5-6 tahun tidak ada yang melakukan kesalahan mengingat. Penulisan yang benar
adalah </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">降</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah kurangnya goresan <i>duanpie </i> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">降</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臭</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">恶臭</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan mengingat karakter ini, terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 1-2 tahun
sebanyak 2 pelajar, 3-4 tahun dan 5-6 tahun tidak ada yang melakukan kesalahan
mengingat. Penulisan yang benar adalah </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臭</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah
kurangnya goresan <i>dian</i> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臭</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Goresan yang lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浇</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浇水</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan meningat karakter ini, terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 1-2 tahun
sebanyak 8 pelajar, 3-4 tahun sebanyak 5 pelajar, 5-6 tahun sebanyak 2 pelajar.
Penulisan yang benar adalah </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浇</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
, tetapi kesalahan yang terjadi adalah kelebihan goresan <i>dian </i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">浇</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">腻</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">油腻</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan mengingat karakter ini, terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 1-2 tahun
sebanyak 5pelajar, 3-4 tahuun sebanyak 6 pelajar, 5-6 tahun sebanyak 1 pelajar.
Penulisan yang benar adalah “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">腻</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”
, tetapi kesalahan yang terjadi adalah
kelenbihan goresan <i>pie</i> “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">腻</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salah mengingat
struktur atau radikal karakter bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan ini, pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing (Chongqing
Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
salah mengingat menjadi radikal yang tidak seharusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">译</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">翻译</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan mengingat karakter ini, terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 1-2 tahun
sebanyak 3 pelajar(salah mengingat menjadi karakter <i>ze”</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">择</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” , ze”</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泽</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” , duo”</span></i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">铎</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">), 3-4 tahun sebanyak 2
pelajar(salah mengingat menjadi karakter <i>ze
“</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泽</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dan karakter <i>duo “</i></span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">铎</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">),
5-6 tahun sebanyak 1 pelajar (salah mengingat menjadi karakter <i>ze </i>“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泽</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”).
Penulisan yang benar karakter <i>yi </i> yang berasal dari kata <i>fanyi </i> adalah </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">翻译</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter
“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">净</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata ”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">干净</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan mengingat karakter ini, terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 1-2 tahun
tidak ada yang melaukan kesalahan, 3-4 tahun sebanyak 3 pelajar( salah
mengingat karakter menjadi <i>jing</i>”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">静</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”), 5-6 tahun
sebanyak 1 pelajar(salah mengingat karakter menjadi <i>jing</i>”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">静</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”). Penulisan
yang benar karakter yang berasala dari kata adalah</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">净</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penulisan karakter
bahasa Mandarin yang tidak sesuai dengan aturan penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan ini, pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing
Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
tidak teliti mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英文</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
pengelompokkan kesalahan mengingat karakter ini, terjadi pada jenjang lama
belajar 1-2 tahun sebanyak 1 pelajar, 3-4 tahun sebanyak 2 pelajar, sedangkan
dengan lama belajar 5-6 tahun tidak ada melakukan kesalahan mengingat.
Penulisan yang benar adalah dengan menuliskan goresan <i>pie </i>yang tembus</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
tetapi kesalahan yang terjadi adalah goresan <i>pie </i> ditulis secara tidak
tembus</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakter “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">狂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">” yang berasal
dari kata ”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">疯狂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada pengelompokkan
kesalahan mengingat karakter ini,
terjadi terjadi pada jenjang lama belajar 1-2 tahun sebanyak 1 pelajar, 3-4
tahun sebanyak 2 pelajar, sedangkan dengan lama belajar 5-6 tahun tidak ada
yang melakukan kesalahan mengingat. Penulisan yang benar adalah menuliskan
goresan <i>pie </i>dengan tidak tembus</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">狂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> , tetapi
kesalahan yang terjadi adalah goresan <i>pie
</i> ditulis secara tembus</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">狂</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab
Kesalahan dalam Mengingat Karakter Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seperti
yang telah dijabarkan dari kesalahan mengingat diatas, penulis dapat menemukan
beberapa kesalahannya, seperti kesalahan di bawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktur dan jumlah
karakter bahasa Mandarin yang rumit dan banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada mulanya karakter
bahasa Mandarin adalah sebuah gambare
serta telah melewati beberapa perubahan dari <i>jiaguwen,jinwen,kaishu,lishu,xiaozhuan </i> dan karakter yang digunakan sekarang adalah
karakter bahasa Mandarin sederhana. Setiap perubahan tersebut, khususnya
karakter bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
berpendapat bahwa karakter bahasa Mandarin
ini memiliki struktur karakter yang rumit dan tidak mudah diingat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut orang Tiongkok
pada dasarnya telah menggunakan bahasa Mandarin dalam tata tulis berpendapat
bahwa mengingat jumlah karakter bahasa Mandarin yang banyak dengan bentuk yang
beragam bukanlah sebuah permasalahan yang mudah, terlebih lagi bagi kita
yang bukan orang Tiongkok.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada umumnya pelajar
Indonesia yang belajar bahasa Mandari di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
ketika masuk dunia perkuliahan barulah belajar
bahasa Mandarin, tetapi hanya sebagian kecil dari mereka yang belajar
dari SD. Ada beberapa guru pengajar yang tidak terlalu memperhatikan masalah
penulisan karakter bahasa Mandarin serta menggangap hal. Ini sepele. Pelajar
Indonesia yang belajar di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
berpendapat bahwa pembelajaran percakapan atau komunikasi lisan merupakan
pembelajaran utama, sedangkan pembelajaran menulis ataupun mengingat karakter
bahasa Mandarin bukan merupakan pembelajaran tambahan dan sebagian besar
beranggapan karakter bahasa Mandarin susah untuk dipelajari. Oleh karena itu,
dalam mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin cukup banyak terjadi kesalahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak bentuk karakter
bahasa Mandarin yang serupa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika pembelajaran
karakter bahasa Mandarin yang terpenting adalah pertukaran bentuk karakter
bahasa Mandarin yang serupa ataupun mirip. Pertukaran bentuk karakter bahasa Mandarin yang serupa ataupun mirip
adalah ada beberapa simbol yang tidak memiliki hubungan dengan artinya,tetapi
karena bentuknya yang serupa atau mirip tersebut membuat pelajar Indonesia yang
belajar Mandarin di Chongqing(Chongqing Normal University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆师范大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Chongqing Medical University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重庆医科大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Sichuan International Studies University</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四川外国语大学</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
sering tertukar dalam mengingatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis kesalahan
mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin ini
bukan karena permasalahan perubahan bentuk goresan, kerumitan goresan serta
panjang atau pendeknya goresan, tetapi karena
pelajar Indonesia tidak teliti dan tidak mengerti benar beberapa simbol
sederhana yang menunjukan artinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penerapan
Pembelajaran Karakter Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penerapan pembelajaran
karakter bahasa Mandarin dapat melalui cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Goresan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam pembelajaran
karakter bahasa Mandarin, seharusnya mengikuti aturan dasar urutan pembelajaran
yaitu : 1) pembelajaran goresan dasar karakter bahasa Mandarin 2) pembelajaran
perubahan goresan karakter bahasa Mandarin. Selain itu, dalam pembelajaran
harus mengingat untuk memperhatikan karakter bahasa Mandarin yang serupa atau
mirip, seperti </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">干</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Urutan goresan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam bagian ini,
pembelajaran karakter bahasa Mandarin harus mengikuti aturan urutan goresan
yang benar ( seperti yang telah dibahas di bab II).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Radikal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam pembelajaran radikal yang perlu diperhatikan
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui nama
radikal;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui tata
penulisan radikal;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui letak
radikal;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui arti yang
dikandung oleh radikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
kesimpulan dan saran yang penulis ingin sampaikan antara lain sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan hasil
penelitian dan kuesioner yang telah dilakukan serta pembahasan yang telah
dipaparkan dapat menyimpuljan bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
belajar yang semakin lama tidak dapat memastikan bahwa dapat terhindar dari
kesalahan mengingat, hanya saja terkadang semakin lama belajar, kesalahan yang
terjadi semakin sedikit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
mengetahui sejarah, asal-mula dan cara pembentukan karakter bahasa Mandarin
dapat membantu pembelajar dalam menguasai dan mengingat karakter bahasa
Mandarin yang rumit dan banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
saran dari penulis untuk pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin, khusunya dalam mengingat
karakter bahasa Mandarin adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sering
membaca buku berbahasa Mandarin, sambil
membaca sambil mengingat. Disisi lainnya, apabila ingin lebih baik dalam
mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin, maka dieprlukan untuk menulis karakter
bahasa Mandarin. Dengan banyak menulis dan latihan dapat membuat pembelajarn
memahami dan mengingat lebih banyak karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran
dapat memberikan siswa tuntutan yang lebih besar dalam pembelajaran
lebih banyak karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran
dapat menggunakan pembelajaran goresan, urutan goresan dan cara pembentukan
karakter bahasa Mandarin sebagai salah satu cara untuk membantu siswa mengingat karakter bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-69460317338875678472014-12-17T21:17:00.003-08:002014-12-17T21:17:33.099-08:00Penggunaan Media Visual (Film Kartun) Terhadap Pemahaman Bahasa Mandarin Pada Anak SD di Surabaya<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak – anak, identik dengan masa
bermain, dan sulit untuk belajar. Anak – anak beranggapan bahwa belajar
merupakan kegiatan yang membosankan. Sehingga mereka tidak tertarik untuk
belajar, dan lebih memilih untuk bermain. Selain itu, ditambah dengan kesulitan untuk memahami sesuatu hal yang
baru mereka dapatkan. Membuat motivasi mereka untuk belajar pun cenderung
turun. Padahal, motivasi sangat diperlukan dalam belajar. Misalnya belajar
bahasa mandarin. Banyak kata – kata baru yang didapatkan, membuat anak – anak sulit untuk memahami dan
mengingat. Sementara metode yang diberikan hanya ceramah, dan mengulang tulisan
di buku kotak. Tentu hal tersebut akan membuat belajar bahasa mandarin terasa
membosankan bagi anak – anak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkaitan dengan
kesulitan belajar yang dialami oleh anak – anak
tersebut, Media visual merupakan salah satu alat yang dapat digunakan
sebagai sarana pembelajaran khususnya pada anak – anak. Objek visual yang di
tawarkan mampu membuat anak – anak menjadi tertarik untuk belajar, dan membantu
anak – anak dalam memahami maksud maupun dari kata yang dipelajari. Banyak
macam media visual yang dapat digunakan misalnya video yang dapat berupa
memutarkan film kartun dengan bahasa mandarin, atau gambar dengan tulisan <i>Hanzi</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya dua fenomena
tersebut penulis ingin membuat karya tulis
dengan judul penggunaan media visual (film kartun) terhadap pemahaman
bahasa mandarin pada anak di sekolah internasional Surabaya, untuk melihat
sejauh mana tingkat pemahaman bahasa manadarin pada anak – anak dengan menggunakan metode pembelajaran yang
memanfaatkan media visual ( film kartun).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
sejauh mana penggunaan media visual (film kartun) mampu menambah pemahaman anak
– anak di sekolah internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Khusus :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
tingkat ketertarikan anak – anak yang belajar dengan menggunakan media visual
(film kartun).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
tingkat motivasi belajar pada anak – anak
dengan menggunakan media visual (film kartun).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat Teoritis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya karya tulis ini,
diharapkan dapat memberikan refenrensi kepada peneliti lain yang juga meneliti
mengenai <b>Penggunaan Media Visual (Film
Kartun) Terhadap Pemahaman Bahasa Mandarin Pada Anak di Sekolah Internasional
Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya
tulis yang dibuat, diharapkan dapat menambah ilmu bagi penulis, pembaca, maupun
orang yang juga akan meneliti hal yang serupa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya
tulis yang dibuat ingin melihat dan mengetahui apakah penggunaan media visual
(film kartun) ada hubungan atau pengaruh terhadap pemahaman bahasa mandarin
pada anak – anak di sekolah Internasional Surabaya?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah
ada perbedaan motivasi belajar pada anak – anak saat menggunakan media visual
(film kartun) saat belajar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada atau tidaknya perbedaan pemahaman
mengenai kata – kata baru bahasa mandarin saat menggunakan media visual (film
kartun).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan
Teori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Review Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.2in;" valign="top" width="307">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain
Komunikasi Visual Sarana Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Terhadap Anak (Studi
Kasus di SD Marsudini Surakarta)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perancangan
sarana belajar bahasa mandarin di SD Marsudini Surakarta dengan menggunakan
media audio visual dan media cetak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 41.4pt;" valign="top" width="55">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
Media Audio Visual (<i>Slide Show
Animation</i>) dalam Pembelajaran Kosakata Bahasa Mandarin di SDN 03 Jaten
Karanganyar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan
media audio visual (<i>slide show
animation</i>) dapat menarik perhatian siswa dalam pembelajaran kosakata
bahasa Mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan
yang dialami dalam penggunaan media
audio visual (<i>slide show animation</i>)
selama proses pembelajaran bahasa mandarin dan solusi untuk memecahkan
masalah adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterbatsan
waktu dalam mengajar yaitu 35 menit sehingga dalam penyampaian materi kurang
maksimal. Guru praktikan meminta tambahan waktu selama 10 menit agar penyampaian
materi lebih optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat pelajaran siswa sangat ramai dan kurang memperhatikan pelajaran. Guru
praktikan memfokuskan perhatian siswa dengan memutarkan video tentang materi
pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan
Audio Visual (Film Kartun) Sebagai Media Bantu Siswa dalam Penguasaan
Kosakata Bahasa Mandarin di SMA Negeri 4 Surakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.2in;" valign="top" width="307">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media
audio visual (film kartun) tidak dapat mengantikan metode ceramah serta tanya
jawab dalam proses pembelajaran. Media audio visual (film kartun) hanya
sebagai media bantu. Materi yang disajikan dengan menggunakan media audio
visual (film kartun) dalam setiap pertemuan tidak sebanyak materi yang dapat
disajikan melalui metode ceramah. Pemanfaatan audio visual (film kartun)
sebagai media bantu penambah kosakata siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa
mandarin di SMA Negeri 4 Surakarta dapat diterima oleh siswa dengan baik.
terbukti dengan hasil prosentase nilai siswa dalam tes kosakata yang mampu
mencapai nilai prosentase di atas 75 %.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Film
Sebagai Pembelajaran Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Film
sebagai media pembelajaran sangat perlu diterapkan karena selain mempermudah
proses belajar mengajar, Film juga bisa menjadi standart kualitas untuk
memberikan materi dan pada akhirnya nanti akan meningkatkan pemahaman siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
Media Audio Visual (<i>slide show
animation</i>) untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa
Mandarin di SMKN 1 Magetan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.2in;" valign="top" width="307">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
audio visual dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa. Hal itu dapat
dibuktikan dengan semakin meningkatnya nilai rata – rata tes siswa yang
diadakan pada setiap pertemuan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Landasan Teori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2.2.1 Pengertian Media Visual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media Visual adalah
alat peraga yang digunakan dalam proses belajar yang bisa dinikmati lewat panca
– indera mata. (Daryanto, 1993:27). Media visual dapat memperlancar pemahaman
dan memperkuat ingatan. Visual dapat pula menumbuhkan minat siswa dan dapat memberikan
hubungan antara isi materi pelajaran dengan dunia nyata. Media visual yang
bergerak ialah media yang dapat menampilkan atau membiaskan gambar atau
bayangan yang dapat bergerak dilayar bias, seperti : <i>motion picture film</i> dan <i>loop
film</i>. Masing – masing media bergerak dan tidak bergerak pasti mempunyai
kelebihan dan kekurangan. Sehingga, pengunaannya harus disesuaikan dengan
kebutuhannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2.2.2 Macam – Macam Media Visual <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media visual yaitu
media yang mengandalkan indra penglihat. Media visual dibedakan menjadi dua : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media
Visual Diam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media
visual diam contohnya foto, ilustrasi, <i>flashcard</i>,
gambar pilihan dan potongan gambar, film bingkai, film rngkai,OHP, grafik,
bagan, diagram, poster, peta, dan lain- lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media
Visual Gerak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media
visual gerak contohnya gambar-gambar proyeksi bergerak seperti film bisu dan
sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Pengertian
Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mandarin dalam
pengertian yang sempit, berarti Putinghua, dan Guoyu yang merupakan dua bahasa
standar yang hampir sama yang didasarkan pada bahasa lisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Mandarin dalam
pengertian yang luas adalah dialek percakapan yang digunakan sebagai bahasa
lokal di sebagian besar bagian utara dan barat daya Cina, dan menjadi dasar
bagi Putonghua dan Guoyu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Pengertian
Anak – Anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian anak menurut
undang – undang nomor 3 tahun 1997 adalah bagian dari generasi muda sebagai
salah satu sumber daya manusia yang merupakan potensi dan penrus cita – cita
perjuangan bangsa yang memiliki peran strategis dan mempunyai ciri dan sifat khusus
memerlukan pembinaan perlindungan dalam rangka menjamin pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan fisik, mental, sosial secara utuh, serasi, selaras, dan seimbang.
Sementara pengertian lain menyebutkan bahwa anak adalah seorang lelaki atau
perempuan yang belum dewasa atau belum mengalami masa pubertas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metodologi
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Teknik Pengambilan Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi yang dilakukan, melihat ekspresi anak –
anak saat diputarkan sebuah film kartun. Selain itu, pada tahap observasi ini,
penulis juga ingin melihat bagaimana tingkah laku mereka saat diputarkan film
kartun, dan tanggapan mereka terhadap film kartun yang telah diputarkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wawancara dilakukan pada beberapa anak yang
mengikuti proses pembelajaran dengan metode visual (film kartun). Pertanyaan
berkaitan dengan perbedaan kenyamanan belajar dengan menggunakan metode ceramah
dan metode visual. Selain itu, pertanyaan juga seputar seberapa jauh mereka
dapat memahami materi dengan menggunakan metode visual (film kartun).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Prosedur Karya Tulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
Persiapan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peneliti
mencari tema dan judul yang akan dibahas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
tujuan dan manfaat dari karya tulis yang akan dibahas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peneliti
mencari bahan – bahan berupa jurnal, artikel, maupun skripsi yang berkaitan
dengan tema yang akan di tulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyiapkan
metode – metode yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyiapkan
alat dan bahan yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
Pelaksanaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelaksanaan
akan dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali pertemuan, yang masing masing pertemuan tersebut
dilaksanakan seminggu sekali. Rincian pertemuan tersebut adalah sebagai berikut
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertemuan 1 :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan mengenai cara mengajar guru,
dan karakter dari anak – anak peserta didik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertemuan 2 – 4 :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemutaran film kartun. Setelah film
kartun selesai diputar, anak – anak diminta untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang
telah disediakan. Hasil dari jawaban yang telah dijawab tersebut dinilai, dan
dilihat apakah ada perkembangan yang lebih baik dari pertemuan – pertemuan
sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">1.2</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">2.2</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="display: none; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">3.2</span><!--[endif]--><span style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-hide: all;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1
Kasus <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Anak – anak identik dengan
masalah sulit untuk belajar. Salah satu penyebab sulit belajar tersebut karena
metode pembelajaran yang kurang bervariasi. Misalnya seperti saat belajar
bahasa mandarin. Kebanyakan metode pembelajaran di sekolah hanya berupa
ceramah, dan peserta didik diminta untuk menulis <i>Hanzi</i> di buku kotak beberapa kali. Alhasil adanya kejenuhan dari
para peserta didik, dan dampak dari kejenuhan tersebut berpengaruh pada
motivasi mereka dalam belajar. Disisi lain banyaknya media pembelajaran yang
ada tidak di manfaatkan dengan baik. Misalnya menggunakan media visual salah
satunya berupa film kartun. Media visual yang digunakan tersebut, tentunya
dapat menarik perhatian peserta didik, mengingat usia mereka yang masih senang
melihat film kartun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Analisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media Visual (Film
Kartun) dapat meningkatkan motivasi anak – anak dalam belajar. Berbagai jenis
cerita yang ditawarkan didalamnya membuat mereka ingin mengetahui isi dari film
tersebut. Selain itu tulisan dialog yang
terdapat pada film tersebut dapat membantu anak – anak peserta didik mengingat
karakter <i>Hanzi</i>. Adanya suasana yang
menyenangkan dalam proses belajar mengajar tersebut dapat membuat anak – anak
peserta didik lebih mudah menyerap informasi yang baru mereka dapatkan. Sehingga
target pembelajaran yang ditetapkan oleh pendidik dapat tepat sasaran dan
sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penutup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada berbagai
macam media yang dapat digunakan sebagai media belajar. Pemanfaatan media yang
sesuai dengan kebutuhan dapat membuat target tercapai dan tepat sasaran. Para
pendidik diharapkan dapat lebih membuat variasi dalam mengajar. Sehingga, para
peserta didik merasakan suasana belajar yang menyenangkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemanfaatan
media visual baik film kartun ataupun <i>slide
show animation</i> dapat membuat meningkatkan motivasi anak – anak peserta
didik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi
metode pengajaran dalam kelas dapat membuat suasana belajar jadi lebih
menyenangkan. Sehingga target pembelajaran dapat menjadi tepat sasaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan
yang didapatkan berkaitan dengan alokasi waktu yang ada. Pemutaran film kartun
memakan waktu yang lama. Sehingga terkadang waktu yang ada tidak cukup. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drusminto.blogspot.com/2011/06/pengertian-media-pembelajaran.html?m=1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Film Sebagai Pembelajaran Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pascaunesa2011.blogspot.com/2012/01/film-sebagai-media-pembelajaran-bahasa.html?m=1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Herdiannanda,Dea. Desain Komunikasi Visual Sarana
Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Terhadap Anak (Studi Kasus di SD Marsudini
Surakarta)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemanfaatan Audio Visual (Film Kartun) Sebagai Media
Bantu Siswa dalam Penguasaan Kosakata Bahasa Mandarin di SMA Negeri 4
Surakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maretaningtias,Andri. Penggunaan Media Audio Visual
(<i>Slide Show Animation</i>) dalam
Pembelajaran Kosakata Bahasa Mandarin di SDN 03 Jaten Karanganyar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggunaan Media Audio Visual (<i>slide show animation</i>) untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Siswa dalam
Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin di SMKN 1 Magetan</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-75757844529275620102014-12-17T21:15:00.000-08:002014-12-17T21:15:02.274-08:00PENGGUNAAN DEMONSTRASI DAN PERMAINAN PADA PENGAJARAN MENULIS BAHASA MANDARIN BAGI USIA DINI <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Maria Montessori, enam tahun pertama masa anak sebagai jangka waktu yang paling
penting bagi perkembangannya. Tahun prasekolah menjadi masa anak membina
kepribadian mereka. Karenanya untuk mengembangkan minat dan potensi anak harus
dilakukan pada masa awal ini agar anak menjadi diri mereka dengan segala
kelebihannya. Orangtua dan pendidik harus dapat membantu merealisasikan potensi
anak untuk menimba ilmu pengetahuan, bakat, dan kepribadian yang utuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acuan
memilih metode pengajaran bahasa untuk anak usia 0-6 tahun adalah melibatkan
anak dalam kegiatan belajar. Ketika di sekolah anak diajak memilih materi yang
ingin dieksplorasi. Dengan begitu anak mendapat inspirasi dan belajar mengambil
keputusan sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat
beberapa metode pengajaran yang disesuaikan dengan tahap usia anak:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 0-3
tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: anak
dapat mengikuti kegiatan di sekolah taman bermain. Apapun metodenya, yang harus
diperhatikan ialah hubungan komunikasi guru dengan anak, bagaimana cara guru
itu berkomunikasi. Ketika mengajar, sebaiknya guru tidak mendominasi kegiatan
anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 5
tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: berikan
kegiatan yang dapat memberi kesempatan pada anak mengobservasi sesuatu.
Sebaiknya pendidik tidak melulu mencontohkan lalu anak mengikuti. Tapi, biarkan
anak mencoba-coba, misal anak menggambar bunga dengan warna hijau, kuning atau
biru. Pendidik dapat memberikan kosakata baru pada anak dan membiarkan mereka
merangkai kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 6-12
tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:
perbanyak melatih kemampuan anak bercerita dan mempresentasikan apa yang mereka
ketahui. Metode belajar ditekankan pada bagaimana anak berpikir kreatif,
misalnya ketika menjelaskan suatu hal atau benda. Salah satunya dengan metode
main maping, yaitu membuat jaringan
topik. Misal, minta anak menjelaskan konsep meja dan biarkan anak memaparkan
satu persatu pengetahuannya tentang meja mulai dari berbagai bentuk, fungsi
sampai jumlah penyangganya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
belajar-mengajar yang baik adalah jika anak berinteraksi dengan pendidik, yaitu
orangtua dan guru. Maka pendidik harus pandai menciptakan situasi yang nyaman,
membangkitkan semangat belajar, dan anak antusias belajar dengan memberikan
metode pengajaran yang tepat. Jika tipe belajar anak lebih aktif melalui alat
pendengarannya (auditif ), maka anak diajarkan dengan mendengarkan kaset yang
diselingi dengan menunjukkan gambarnya (demonstrasi), atau dapat juga dengan
memutarkan video agar anak dapat melihat (visual) dengan jelas apa yang
terjadi. Dengan demikian, tujuan pembelajaran akan lebih mudah tercapai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
Metode Belajar Anak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Metode
Global (Ganze Method) Anak belajar membuat suatu kesimpulan dengan kalimatnya
sendiri. Contohnya, ketika membaca buku, minta anak menceritakan kembali dengan
rangkaian katanya sendiri. Sehingga informasi yang anak peroleh dari hasil
belajar sendiri akan dapat diserap lebih lama. Anak juga terlatih berpikir
kreatif dan berinisiatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Metode
Percobaan (Experimental method) Metode pengajaran yang mendorong dan memberi
kesempatan anak melakukan percobaan sendiri. Menurut Maryam, staf pengajar di
Sekolah Alam Ciganjur, Jakarta Selatan, terdapat tiga tahapan yang dilakukan
anak untuk memudahkan masuknya informasi, yaitu mendengar, menulis atau
menggambar lalu melihat dan melakukan percobaan sendiri. Misalnya, anak belajar
tentang tanaman pisang, pendidik tak hanya menjelaskan tentang pisang tapi juga
mengajak anak ke kebun untuk mengeksplorasi tanaman pisang. Dengan belajar dari
alam, anak dapat mengamati sesuatu secara konkret. Kegiatan ini dapat dilakukan
mulai umur empat sampai 12 tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Metode
Resitasi (Recitation Method) Berdasarkan pengamatan sendiri, minta anak membuat
resume. Maryam menambahkan, pada usia 4-12 tahun merupakan masa kritis anak
yang selalu menanyakan, Mengapa begini dan begitu?. Misalnya anak bertanya,
Mengapa pohon dapat berbuah? Libatkan anak untuk mengamati proses pembiakan
lalu minta anak menyimpulkannya sendiri. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Metode
Latihan Keterampilan (Drill Method) Kegiatan yang mewakili metode ini sering
Anda lakukan bersama si kecil, yaitu membuat prakarya (artwork). Sekolah
Learning Vision menggunakan metode ini untuk mendorong anak belajar menjalani
proses ketika membuat patung dari lilin atau karya tiga dimensi lainnya. Selain
melatih kemampuan motoriknya, seperti menulis, menggambar, menghias dan
menggunakan alat-alat. Anda juga dapat
mengajarkan anak berhitung secara konkret. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Metode
Pemecahan Masalah (Problem solving Method) Berikan soal-soal yang tingkat
kesulitannya dapat disesuaikan dengan kemampuan anak. Lalu ajak anak mencari
solusinya bersama-sama. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Metode
Perancangan (Project Method ) Kegiatan yang mengajak anak merancang suatu
proyek yang akan diteliti sebagai obyek kajian. Salah satu sekolah yang
menggunakan metode ini adalah Tutor Time. Pola pikir anak menjadi lebih berkembang
dalam memecahkan suatu masalah serta membiasakannya menerapkan pengetahuan,
sikap, dan keterampilan yang dimiliki. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.Metode
Bagian (Teileren Method) Metode pengajaran ini mengaitkan sebagian-sebagian
petunjuk yang mengarah pada sesuatu, seperti potongan puzzle yang digabungkan
satu persatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa mencakup
komunikasi verbal dan komunikasi non verbal serta dapat dipelajari secara
teratur tergantung pada kematangan serta kesempatan belajar yang dimiliki
seseorang. Anak akan dapat mengembangkan kemampuannya dalam bidang pengucapan
bunyi, menulis, dan membaca yang sangat mendukung kemampuan keaksaraan di
tingkat yang lebih tinggi. Implementasi pengembangan bahasa pada anak tidak
terlepas dari berbagai teori yang dikemukakan para ahli. Pemahaman akan berbagai
teori dalam pengembangan bahasa dapat mempengaruhi dalam menerapkan metoda yang
tepat bagi implementasi terhadap pengembangan bahasa anak itu sendiri sehingga
diharapkan pendidik mampu mencari dan membuat bahan pengajaran yang sesuai
dengan tingkat usia anak. Ada beberapa teori yang merupakan implementasi
berbahasa ,antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan yang dapat
mendukung terciptanya rangsangan pada anak dalam berbahasa antara lain alat
peraga berupa gambar yang terdapat pada buku atau poster, mendengarkan lagu atau
nyanyian, menonton film atau mendengarkan suara kaset, membaca cerita (story
reading/story telling) ataupun mendongeng. Semua aktivitas yang dapat
merangsang kemampuan anak dalam berbahasa dapat diciptakan sendiri oleh
pendidik. Pendidik dapat berimprovisasi dan mengembangkan sendiri dengan cara
menerapkannya kepada anak sesuai dengan kondisi dan lingkungannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B. Perkembangan Bahasa Anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa meliputi
berbicara, menyimak,menulis dan ketrampilan membaca, bahasa
memungkinkananak untuk menterjemahkan pengalaman mentah ke dalam symbol-simbol
yang dapat digunakanuntuk berkomunikasi dan berfikir. Dengan demikian
bahasa merupakan alat untuk berfikir,mengekspresikan diri dan
berkomunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut Eliason (1994)
perkembangan bahasa dimulai sejak bayi dan mengandalkan perannya
padapengalaman,penguasaan dan pertumbuhan bahasa.Anak belajar bahasa sejak masa
bayi sebelumbelajar berbicara mereka berkomunikasi melalui tangisan,
senyuman dan gerakan badan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Belajar bahasa sangat
krusial terjadi pada usia sebelum enam tahun.Oleh karena itu pendidikanAnak
Usia Dini merupakan wahana yang sangat penting dalam mengembangkan bahasa
anaksehingga kondisi ini bisa memfasilitasi pengembangan ketrampilan
berbahasa pada anak usia dini.Anak memperoleh bahasa dari lingkungan keluarga dan
lingkungan tetangga. Dengan kosa kata yangmereka miliki pertumbuhan kosa kata
anak akan tumbuh dengan cepat seperti dikemukan olehSroufe(1996)
pertumbuhan kosa kata anak akan lebihcepat setelah mereka mulai berbicara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumusan
Masalah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah yang telah
dikemukakan di atas, maka rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah
“Bagaimana pengaruh penggunaan metode dan demonstrasi menulis huruf bahasa mandarin pada usia dini”. Dengan
batasan masalah keterampilan berbicara anak usia dini dengan metode bercerita
menggunakan buku cerita bergambar. Secara lebih rinci rumusan masalah diuraikan
sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Bagaimana keterampilan berbicara anak usia dini pada kelas yang tidak
menggunakan metode bercerita dengan buku cerita bergambar ? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Bagaimana keterampilan berbicara anak usia dini pada kelas yang menggunakan
metode bercerita dengan buku cerita bergambar ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph1CxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3. Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan
antara metode bercerita terhadap peningkatan keterampilan berbicara anak usia
dini ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan dari penelitian
secara umum adalah untuk mengetahui penggunaan demonstrasi dan permainan pada pembelajaran
menulis huruf bahasa mandarin bagi usia dini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Untuk mengetahui
keterampilan dalam belajar menulis huruf
bahasa mandarin usia dini yang
sekitar pada usia 4-6 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Untuk mengetahui
keterampilan dalam permainan tulisan juga sekaligus mengetahui dan memahami pada usia dini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Untuk mengetahui
pengaruh yang signifikan antara metode demonstrasi terhadap keterampilan menulis huruf pada anak usia
dini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1.Dapat
mengetahui cara belajar sekaligus menulis huruf bahasa mandarin dalam bermain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.Mengetahui bagaimana cara penulisan karakter pada bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5 Batasan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tujuan
meroda bercakap-cakap menurut Moeslihatun (1999) adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 1.
Mengembangkan kecakapan dan keberanian anak dalam menyampaikan pendapat kepada
siapapun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2. memberi
kesempatan pada anak untuk berekspresi secara lisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3.
Memperbaiki lafal dan ucapan anak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Mengembangka intelegensi anak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Menambah pengetahuan dan pengalaman anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 9. Memberikan
kesenangan pada anak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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anak untuk belajar membaca dan menulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1 Pengertian Teori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ada beberapa teori yang merupakan
implementasi berbahasa ,antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1) Teori behaviorist oleh Skinner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mendefinisikan bahwa pembelajaran dipengaruhi
oleh perilaku yang dibentuk oleh lingkungan eksternalnya, artinya pengetahuan
merupakan hasil dari interaksi dengan lingkungannya melalui pengkondisian
stimulus yang menimbulkan respon. Perubahan lingkungan pembelajaran dapat
mempengaruhi pikiran, perasaan, dan perilaku anak secara bertahap. Perilaku
positif jika diperkuat cenderung untuk diulangi lagi karena pemberian penguatan
secara berkala dan disesuaikan dengan kemampuan anak akan efektif untuk
membentuk perilaku anak. Latihan yang diberikan kepada anak harus dalam bentuk
pertanyaan (stimulus) dan jawaban (respon) yang dikenalkan anak melalui tahapan-tahapan,
mulai dari yang sederhana sampai pada yang lebih rumit contoh: sistem
pembelajaran drilling. Anak akan memberikan respon pada setiap pembelajaran dan
dapat segera memberikan balikan. Di sini Pendidik perlu memberikan penguatan
terhadap hasil kerja anak yang baik dengan pujian atau hadiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mengutarakan bahwa
bahasa sudah ada di dalam diri anak. Pada saat seorang anak lahir, dia telah
memilikiseperangkan kemampuan berbahasa yang disebut ‘Tata Bahasa Umum” atau
‘Universal Grammar’. Meskipun pengetahuan yang ada di dalam diri anak tidak
mendapatkan banyak rangsangan, anak akan tetap dapat mempelajarinya. Anak tidak
sekedar meniru bahasa yang dia dengarkan, tapi ia juga mampu menarik kesimpulan
dari pola yang ada, hal ini karena anak memiliki sistem bahasa yang disebut
Perangkat Penguasaan Bahasa (Language Acquisition Devise/LAD). Teori ini
berpengaruh pada pembelajaran bahasa dimana anak perlu mendapatkan model
pembelajaran bahasa sejak dini. Anak akan belajar bahasa dengan cepat sebelum
usia 10 tahun apalagi menyangkut bahasa kedua (second language). Lebih dari
usia 10 tahun, anak akan kesulitan dalam mempelajari bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3) Teori Constructive oleh Piaget Vigotsky dan
Gardner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> menyatakan
bahwa perkembangan kognisi dan bahasa dibentuk dari interaksi dengan orang lain
sehingga pengetahuan, nilai dan sikap anak akan berkembang. Anak memiliki
perkembangan kognisi yang terbatas pada usia-usia tertentu, tetapi melalui
interaksi sosial anak akan mengalami peningkatan kemampuan berpikir.
Pengaruhnya dalam pembelajaran bahasa adalah anak akan dapat belajar dengan
optimal jika diberikan kegiatan sementara anak melakukan kegiatan perlu
didorong untuk sering berkomunikasi. Adanya anak yang lebih tua usianya atau
orang dewasa yang mendampingi pembelajaran dan mengajak bercakap-cakap akan
menolong anak kemampuan berbahasa yang lebih tinggi atau melejitkan potensi
kecerdasan bahasa yang sudah dimiliki anak. Oleh karena itu pendidik perlu
menggunakan metode yang interaktif, menantang anak untuk meningkatkan
pembelajaran dan menggunakan bahasa yang berkualitas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 106%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1 Aspek-aspek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Aspek
perkembangan anak yang meliputi perkembangan fisik, motorik, intelektual,
emosi, bahasa, serta sosial berlangsung sangat cepat dan akan berpengaruh besar
terhadap perkembangan selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut Depdiknas (2003 : 105) fungsi pengembangan
bahasa bagi anak TK adalah : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) Sebagai alat untuk berkomunikasi dengan
lingkungan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) Sebagai alat untuk mengembangkan kemampuan
intelektual anak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) Sebagai alat untuk mengembangkan ekspresi anak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) Sebagai alat untuk menyatakan perasaan dan buah
pikiran kepada orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Keterampilan
berbahasa mempunyai empat komponen yang terdiri dari keterampilan menyimak,
keterampilan berbicara, keterampilan membaca, dan keterampilan menulis
(Tarigan, 1984 : 1). Keempat keterampilan tersebut memiliki hubungan yang
saling terkait satu sama lain, yang merupakan satu kesatuan. Keempat
keterampilan tersebut perlu dilatih pada anak usia dini karena dengan kemampuan
berbahasa tersebut anak akan belajar berkomunikasi dengan orang lain,
sebagaimana dalam kurikulum 2004 diungkapkan bahwa kompetensi dasar dari
pengembangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bahasa untuk anak usia dini yaitu “anak mampu
mendengarkan, berkomunikasi secara lisan,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">memiliki perbendaharaan kata dan mengenal simbol-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">simbol yang melambangkannya”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salah satu masalah yang
berkaitan dengan bahasa pada anak usia dini adalah keterampilan berbicara anak
usia dini kurang mendapatkan perhatian dari para pengajar, karena lebih
memfokuskan pada keterampilan membaca dan menulis. Akibatnya perbendaharaan
kata yang dimiliki anak usia dini masih terbatas, sehingga anak usia dini
kurang mampu mengungkapkan gagasan atau ide ketika menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan
dari guru dan anak kadang merasa belum paham dengan apa yang dibicarakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arsyad dan Mukti U.S
(1993 : 23) dalam (Chista Rosita, 2007) mengungkapkan bahwa kemampuan berbicara
adalah kemampuan mengucap kalimat-kalimat untuk mengekpresikan, menyatakan
pikiran, gagasan dan perasaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bahasa merupakan alat untuk berkomunikasi,
dapat digunakan untuk berfikir, mengekspresikan perasaan dan melalui bahasa
dapat menerima pikiran dan perasaan orang lain. Perkembangan bahasa dimulai
sejak bayi dan mengandalkan perannya pada pengalaman, penguasaan dan
pertumbuhan bahasa. Pengembangan kemampuan berbahasa bagi Anak Usia Dini
bertujuan agar anak mampu berkomunikasi secara lisan dengan lingkungannya.
Konteks pengembangan bahasa meliputi: mendengarkan , berbicara, membaca, dan
menulis dini. Dalam mengembangkan kemampuan bahas anak, guru/tutor dapat
memilih strategi dan metoda secara bervariasi. Kegiatan-kegiatan yang dapat
dilakukan dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa adalah kegiatan yang dapat
menstimulasi kemampuan mendengarkan, berbicara dam menulis. Metode cerita
merupakan salah satu metoda yang banyak dipergunakan untuk Anak Usia
Dini.Cerita yang dibawakan guru harus menarik dan mengundang perhatian anak dan
tidak lepas dari tujuan pendidikan bagi Anak Usia Dini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-12994529983053664052014-12-17T21:08:00.001-08:002014-12-17T21:08:41.875-08:00ANALISIS KESALAHAN PELAFALAN BAHASA MANDARIN PADA MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI BAHASA MANDARIN UNIVERSITAS WIDYA KARTIKA <br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">I.1. Latar Belakang
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahasa merupakan alat untuk
berkomuniksai yang tak pernah lepas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita. Dengan
bahasa kita dapat menyampaikan maksud, pikiran, akal, perasaan dan kehendak
kepada orang lain. Melalui bahasa seseorang dapat berinteraksi atau berhubungan
dengan orang lain dalam memenuhi segala kebutuhan. Dalam suatu percakapan yang
pada hakekatnya dilakukan untuk berkomunikasi, tidak mungkin dilakukan tanpa
menggunakan bahasa. Jika penggunaan bahasa tersebut disertai dengan isyarat
tangan, ini hanya upaya untuk mempertegas maksud. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (KBBI) bahasa merupakan sistem lambang bunyi yang arbiter, yang
digunakan oleh anggota suatu masyarakat untuk bekerjasama, berinteraksi, dan
mengidentifikasikan diri. (KBBI 2007: 88)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 201%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahasa, khususnya Mandarin sudah semakin
banyak di pelajari saat ini dan mulai diakui sebagai salah satu bahasa
internasional yang penggunaannya semakin penting dirasakan oleh masyarakat.
Perdagangan, kebudayaan, dan hubungan diplomatik dengan negara Cina sudah
semakin berkembang dewasa ini, bahkan belakangan banyak tempat pariwisata di
Indonesia yang di kunjungi wisatawan dari Cina.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Untuk menghindari kesalahan pelafalan,
maka sesorang perlu mempelajari tata bahasa yang baik dan benar, terutama pada
saat ia hendak berbicara dengan orang asing maupun suku-suku lain yang tidak
sebahasa. Hal ini sangat perlu bila ingin menjalin suatu komunikasi yang baik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section2">
</div>
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</span>
<div class="Section3">
</div>
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</span>
<div class="Section4">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">I.2. Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Untuk itulah penulis tertarik untuk membahas tentang bagaimana
kesalahan pelafalan kerap sering terjadi dalam penggunaan Bahasa Mandarin pada
mahasiswa program studi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pelafalan secara leksikal disebut juga fonetik. Fonetik yang
artinya menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia adalah pengucapan (penghasilan)
bunyi ujar, sistem bunyi suatu bahasa. Untuk itu dalam skripsi ini, penulis
akan membahas kesalahan pelafalan yang kerap menjadi permasalahan bagi penutur
pemula Bahasa Mandarin. Permasalahannya bukan hanya terletak pada sekedar salah
melafalkan, namun karena bunyi ujaran sebuah kata dalam Bahasa Mandarin
memiliki kemiripan yang sama pelafalannya dengan kata yang lain tetapi berbeda
maknanya. Hal inilah yang menyulitkan pembelajar ataupun penutur pemula maupun
penulis sendiri karena tidak terlalu fasih melafalkannya dengan tepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 201%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Di dalam bentuk pertanyaan, masalah ini dapat dirumuskan sebagai
berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">”Apa dan bagaimanakah kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa mandarin?”.
Selanjutnya pertanyaan tersebut akan diturunkan ke dalam pertanyaan-pertanyaan
yang lebih khusus lagi sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Seperti apakah bentuk kesalahan pelafalan dalam Bahasa Mandarin
pada Mahasiswa semester VI Program Studi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Apakah Faktor penyebab
kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin pada Mahasiswa semester VI Program
Studi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="Section5">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">I.3. Tujuan
Penelitian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam melakukan setiap kegiatan pasti
selalu mempunyai maksud dan tujuan yang hendak dicapai. Dalam sebuah penelitian
ilmiah, menurut Endraswara (2003: 201) tujuan merupakan penjabaran permasalahan
secara deskriptif. Penelitian yang penulis lakukan terhadap analisis kesalahan
pelafalan bahasa mandarin pada mahasiswa program studi satra cina ini memiliki
tujuan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.15pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk mengetahui bentuk kesalahan pelafalan
yang kerap terjadi pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Sastra Bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 50.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-right: 13pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab kesalahan
pelafalan yang terjadi pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 50.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">I.4. Manfaat
Penelitian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Manfaat praktis dari penelitian ini adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Memberikan gambaran tentang jenis kesalahan dalam pelafalan bahasa
mandarin sehingga dapat dilakukan upaya-upaya untuk memperbaiki atau
menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan yang serupa bagi mahasiswa program studi Bahasa
Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Memberikan gambaran pada dosen (staf pengajar) tentang proses
terjadinya kesalahan pelafalan dalam Bahasa Mandarin sehingga dapat dicari atau
dipilih metode pengajaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 204%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 50.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Memberikan gambaran tentang faktor penyebab timbulnya kesalahan
pelafalan dalam Bahasa Mandarin sehingga para dosen dapat memberikan latihan
sebanyak mungkin sesuai dengan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Selain manfaat praktis diatas, penelitian ini juga diharapkan
memberi manfaat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">secara teoritis yaitu
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menambah pengetahuan penulis dan pemabaca untuk memperbaiki
kesalahan pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin yang kerap sering terjadi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 47pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Sebagai bahan acuan dalam penelitian yang
lebih lanjut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">I.5. Batasan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Melihat kenyataan bahwa objek penelitian
penulis adalah Mahasiswa semester VI Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika
Surabaya. yang masih belajar atau sebagai penutur pemula Bahasa Mandarin, akan
ditemukan banyak kesalahan dalam pembelajaran yang mereka lakukan.
Kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kesalahan Dalam Ejaan
(<i>Spelling)</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tanda Baca <i>(Punctuation</i>)
<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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Waktu (<i>Tense</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Formation</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ordering</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>Vocabulary</i> ) dan masih banyak lagi, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Maka penulis membatasi masalah pada kesalahan pelafalan saja.
Dalam penelitian ini penulis membatasi ruang lingkup pembahahasan yang
difokuskan pada kesalahan pelafalan dan objek penelitian adalah mahasiswa
semester VI Program Studi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.1. Kajian Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis tentang kesalahan pelafalan
dalam Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mandarin pada penutur
pemula. Untuk itu, penulis menggunakan teori yang berhubungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dengan linguistik
khususnya dalam bidang fonetik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Linguistik adalah
ilmu tentang bahasa; atau ilmu yang menjadikan bahasa sebagai objek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">kajiannya ( Abdul
Chaer, 1994: 1).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Verhaar, (2001: 3) Linguistik berarti
Ilmu Bahasa. Kata linguistik berasal dari kata latin <i>Lingua</i> atau bahasa.
Dalam bahasa-bahasa ”Roman” (bahasa-bahasa yang berasal dari bahasa latin) masih
ada kata-kata serupa dengan lingua latin itu, yaitu <i>Langue</i> dan <i>Langage</i>
dalam bahassa Prancis, dan <i>Lingua</i> dalam bahasa Latin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 119%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam linguistik ada sebuah kajian ilmu yang kita kenal dengan
nama Fonologi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonologi memiliki
hubungan dengan Fonetik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonologi adalah suatu sub-disiplin ilmu
bahasa atau linguistik yang membicarakan tentang ”bunyi bahasa”. Lebih spesifik
lagi fonologi murni membicarakan tentang fungsi, perilaku serta organisasi
bunyi sebagai unsur-unsur linguitik; berbeda dengan fonetik yang berupa kajian
yang agak lebih netral terhadap bunyi-bunyi sebagai fenomena dalam dunia fisik
dan unsur unsur fisiologikal, anatomikal, neurogikal, dan psikologikal nabusia
yang membuat bunyi bunyi itu. Fonologi adalah ”Linguitik” alam pengertian bahwa
sintaksis, morfologi dan sampai tingkat tertentu, semantik juga linguistik;
sedangkan fonetik berangsur angsur berubah dalam berbagai hal menuju neurologi,
psikologi, akustik dan sebagainya. (Roger Lass)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 116%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">”Fonetik adalah cabang ilmu linguistik
yang meneliti dasar fisik bunyi bunyi bahasa. Ada dua segi dasar fisik tersebut
yaitu: segi alat-alat bicara serta penggunaannya dalam menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi
bahasa dan sifat-sifat akustik bunyi yang telah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 121%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dihasilkan. Menurut dasar yang pertama, fonetik disebut ”fonetik
organik” (karena menyangkut alat alat bicara) atau Fonetik Artikulatoris
(karena menyangkut pengartikulasian bunyi-bunyi bahasa). Menurut dasar yang
kedua fonetik disebut Fonetik Akustik karena menyangkut bunyi bahasa dari sudut
bunyi sebagai getaran udara”. (JWM Verhaar : 2001: 19)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 117%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">”... Analisis kesalahan merupakan suatu usaha untuk mempelajari
kesalahan pembelajaran yang diyakini sebagai hasil dari interfensi dalam
belajar bahasa asing yang merupakan kebiasaan dari bahasa ibu” (Naibaho: 2003:
48)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 121%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Teori yang penulis
kemukakan diatas tadi, inilah yang dipakai sebagai acuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dasar dalam penulisan
skripsi ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.2.Konsep</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam bab ini penulis berfokus pada analisis tentang kesalahan
pelafalan Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mandarin. Untuk itu
penulis menggunakan konsep atau defenisi yang berhubungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dengan Linguistik,
terutama dalam bidang Fonologi dan Fonetik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Seperti kita ketahui bersama bahwa bidang fonologi dapat
melibatkan materi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">penelitian fonetik,
fonemik dan fonestem, serta lingkungan fonem dan keselarasan vokal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Materi fonetik
tidak hanya melibatkan
bunyi bahasa, akan
tetapi mencakup pula</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">hubungan bagaimana
bunyi itu dihasilkan, dan bagaimana bunyi itu diterima, sehingga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">kedalamnya termasuk
fonetik akustik dan fonetik auditoris.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Adapun unsur-unsur
bidang fonologi yang dapat diteliti selain yang disebut diatas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">termasuk pula:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Pengenalan alat ucap
(artikulasi)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Proses terjadinya bunyi bahasa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonem vokal dan fonem konsonan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonem klaster dan diftong <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Perubahan varian fonem <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonem serapan (dari bahasa asing), sebagai penyesuaian dengan
fonem suatu bahasa akibat lintas bahasa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ejaan sebagai bidang terapan dari fonologi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ketaksaan fonem dalam lafal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
kegiatan belajar mengajar, khususnya belajar bahasa asing dapat dipastikan,
para peserta didik pernah membuat kesalahan. Hal ini tidak dapat dihindari
karena membuat kesalahan itu adalah bagian penting dalam proses pemerolehan
bahasa (Corder, 1973).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 200%;">Kesalahan
ini tentunya memerlukan koreksi secara bertahap dari instruktur agar tidak
menggangu komunikasi dalam penggunaan bahasa tersebut. Akan tetapi, kesalahan
yang akan dikoreksi perlu diseleksi, karena bisa mengganggu komunikasi atau
kelancaran berbahasa. Akibatnya, peserta didik akan merasa frustasi dan
kehilangan motivasi (Harmer, 1983).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.1 Pelafalan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
Lafal adalah : cara seseorang atau sekelompok orang dalam suatu masyarakat
bahasa mengucapkan bunyi bahasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pelafalan bunyi dalam pemerolehan suatu
bahasa untuk kelompok umur dewasa (mahasiswa) biasanya dimulai dengan
pengenalan alphabeth dari target bahasa yang dipelajari. Chastain (1976)
menyatakan bahwa pemerolehan pelafalan bunyi bahasa dari <i>target language </i>merupakan
suatu proses oleh karenanya tidaklah terlalu penting untuk<i> </i>memberikan
perhatian yang berlebihan terhadap pemerolehan pelafalan bunyi yang sempurna.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">West (1991) mendukung pernyataan ini dengan mengatakan bahwa
proses pelafalan bunyi yang secara pasti mendekati suara dari penutur asli (<i>native
speaker</i>) berlangsung secara bertahap dalam level awal pembelajaran bahasa
tanpa adanya koreksi yang terus menerus dari instruktur. Lebih lanjut dikatakan
bahwa pelafalan yang sempurna dari semua bunyi tidaklah merupakan suatu
keharusan dalam berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa asing.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tuturan bahasa terdiri atas bunyi. Bukan sembarang bunyi saja,
melainkan bunyi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">tertentu, yang agak
berbeda-beda menurut bahasa tertentu. Bunyi tersebut diselidiki oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">fonetik dan fonologi.
Fonetik meneliti bunyi bahasa menurut cara pelafalannya dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menurut sifat-sifat
akustiknya. Berbeda dengan fonetik, fonologi meneliti bunyi bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">tertentu menurut
fungsinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">”Fonetik adalah cabang ilmu linguistik
yang meneliti dasar fisik bunyi bunyi bahasa. Ada dua segi dasar fisik tersebut
yaitu: segi alat-alat bicara serta penggunaannya dalam menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi
bahasa dan sifat-sifat akustik bunyi yang telah dihasilkan. Menurut dasar yang
pertama, fonetik disebut ”fonetik organik” (karena menyangkut alat alat bicara)
atau Fonetik Artikulatoris (karena menyangkut pengartikulasian bunyi-bunyi
bahasa). Menurut dasar yang kedua fonetik disebut Fonetik Akustik karena
menyangkut bunyi bahasa dari sudut bunyi sebagai getaran udara”. (JWM Verhaar :
2001: 19)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 116%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonetik Artikulatoris meneliti alat-alat organik manakah yang kita
pakai untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">menhgasilkan bunyi
bahasa. Manusia juga dapat menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi lain dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">artikulatorisnya,
akan tetapi bunyi yang dihasilkan bukan merupakan bunyi bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Misalnya dengan alat artikulatoris yang sama manusia bisa
menghasilkan bunyi teriakan, batuk, berdehem, dan sebagainya tetapi bunyi
tersebut umumnya tidak bermakna apa-apa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bila kita berbicara, udara dipompakan
dari paru-paru, melalui batang tenggorokan kepangkal tenggorok yang didalamnya
terdapat pita-pita suara. Pita-pita itu harus terbuka agar udara bisa keluar
melalui rongga mulut atau rongga hidung atau kedua-duanya. Apabila udara keluar
tanpa hambatan, kita tidak akan menghasilkan bunyi bahasa. Contohnya adalah
ketika kita bernafas. Hambatan yang perlu untuk menghasilkan bunyi bahasa ada
pada pita suara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonetik Artikulatoris juga membahas
bunyi-bunyi bahasa menurut cara dihasilkannya dengan alat-alat bicara. Bunyi
bahasa dibedakan sebagai segmental dan suprasegmental. Bunyi segmental adalah
bunyi menurut pola urutannya dari yang pertama sampai dengan yang terakhir atau
dari kiri ke kanan. Struktur dari kiri ke kanan itu berupa segmental, artinya
ada bagian-bagian yang terkecil menurut urutannya. Sedangkan bunyi
suprasegmental adalah bunyi yang dapat dibayangkan sebagai bunyi yang ada
diatas segmental.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kita menghasilkan bunyi-bunyi bahasa
dengan alat-alat bicara, yaitu dengan mulut dan bagian-bagiannya, dengan
kerongkongan dan pita-pita suara didalamnya, dan kesemuaan itu dengan
mempergunakan udara yang dihembuskan dari paru-paru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.3 Landasan Teori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sebagai pendukung pembahasan penelitian
ini penulis mengutip beberapa teori sebagai acuan dalam menganalisis data yang
diperoleh. Adapun teori yang dipaparkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">dalam studi literatur ini seperti pemerolehan komponen bahasa dan
analisis kesalahan dalam berbahasa (<i>error analysis</i>) dan selayang pandang
tentang bahasa Mandarin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Objek atau sasaran kajian linguistik
adalah bahasa, yaitu bahasa manusia yang alamiah (<i>natural</i>). Jadi bukan
bahasa binatang, dan juga bukan bahasa buatan (<i>artificial</i>). Bahasa
manusia merupakan bahasa yang dipakai oleh suatu masyarakat bahasa (<i>linguistic</i>
<i>society</i>) sebagai alat komunikasi verbal secara umum dan wajar. Cabang
Ilmu linguistik<i> </i>yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk teori kesalahan
pelafalan adalah Fonologi dan Fonetik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Setiap bahasa pasti memiliki sistem,
yaitu seperangkat kaidah yang bersifat mengatur. Setiap bahasa memiliki
asas-asas, pola-pola yang bersifat wajib dan hakiki yang sering disebut ”tata
bahasa”. Tata bahasa bertujuan memberikan kaidah-kaidah untuk membedakan
bentuk-bentuk yang benar dari yang tidak benar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bahasa kerap dijadikan penelitian
linguistik karena pada kenyataannya bahasa itu tidak seragam atau homogen,
dalam kenyataannya bahasa sangat bervariasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Linguistik adalah ilmu tentang bahasa;
atau ilmu yang menjadikan bahasa sebagai objek kajiannya ( Abdul Chaer, 1994:
1). Dalam linguistik ada sebuah kajian ilmu yang kita kenal dengan nama
Fonologi. Fonologi memiliki hubungan dengan Fonetik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Linguistik berarti Ilmu Bahasa. Kata
linguistik berasal dari kata latin <i>Lingua</i> atau bahasa. Dalam
bahasa-bahasa ”Roman” (bahasa-bahasa yang berasal dari bahasa latin) masih ada
kata-kata serupa dengan lingua latin itu, yaitu <i>Langue</i> dan <i>Langage</i>
dalam bahassa Prancis, dan <i>Lingua</i> dalam bahasa Latin. (J.W.M Verhaar,
2001: 3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 119%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menurut Roger Lass Fonologi adalah suatu
sub-disiplin ilmu bahasa atau linguistik yang membicarakan tentang ”bunyi
bahasa”. Lebih spesifik lagi fonologi murni membicarakan tentang fungsi,
perilaku serta organisasi bunyi sebagai unsur-unsur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">linguitik; berbeda dengan fonetik yang berupa kajian yang agak
lebih netral terhadap bunyi-bunyi sebagai fenomena dalam dunia fisik dan unsur
unsur fisiologikal, anatomikal, neurogikal, dan psikologikal nabusia yang
menbuat bunyi bunyi itu. Fonologi adalah ”Linguitik” alam pengertian bahwa
sintaksis, morfologi dan sampai tingkat tertentu, semantik juga linguistik;
sedangkan fonetik berangsur angsur berubah dalam berbagai hal menuju neurologi,
psikologi, akustik dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tuturan bahasa terdiri atas bunyi. Bunyi tersebut diselidiki oleh
fonetik dan fonologi. Fonetik meneliti bunyi bahasa menurut cara pelafalannya
dan menurut sifat-sifat akustiknya. Sementara itu berbeda dengan fonetik,
fonologi meneliti bunyi bahasa tertentu menurut fungsinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">”Fonologi adalah pengetahuan tentang bunyi yang merupakan suatu
prasyarat untuk dapat mempelajari dan memahami seluk-beluk bahasa dengan baik.”
(Lapoliwa: 1988: 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cara pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat penting untuk
diperhatikan. Pelafalan yang baik dan benar merupakan landasan untuk bisa
menguasai dan bertutur dalam Bahasa Mandarin. Cara pelafalan dalam Bahasa
Mandarin tidak terlepas dari Pinyin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mandarin sebagai bahasa yang tidak
menggunakan abjad latin dalam sistem penulisannya sehingga menyulitkan bagi
orang asing untuk mempelajari bahasa mandarin. Pada tahun 1958 pemerintah Cina
secara resmi menggunakan fonetik <i>Pinyin</i>, yang dibuat oleh Lembaga
Pembaharuan Tulisan (LPT) Republik Rakyat Cina sebagai sistem penulisan
latinnya. <i>Pinyin</i> merupakan sistem penulisan latin untuk Bahasa Mandarin
berdasarkan sistem pelafalan standar nasional ( De-An Wu Swihart. 2007: 1).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sistem fonetik <i>pinyin</i> mempermudah
pembelajar asing yang kebanyakan mengenal huruf latin. Saat ini <i>Pinyin</i>
telah banyak digunakan pada tempat seperti pada sistem pengetikan huruf <i>Han</i>
dikomputer, telepon genggam, petunjuk jalan, bahan ajar, software computer dan
lain lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Berikut akan penulis jabarkan terlebih
dahulu sistem artikulasi pelafalan pada alat ucap manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 203%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.55pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: .25in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">上唇</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (shangchun )upper lip</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 22.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="29">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.5pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">上齿</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">s<i>hangchi)
upper teeth</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 21.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">牙床</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (yachuang) teethridge</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 22.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="29">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.35pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">硬额</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (ying’e) hard palate</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">软额</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (ruan’e) soft palate</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 22.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="29">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">小舌</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (xiaoshe) uvula</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">下唇</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (<i>xiachun) lower lip</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 22.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="29">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">下齿</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (xiachi) lower teeth</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">舌尖</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (shejian) tip of the tongue</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10.</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">舌面</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <i>(shemian)bladeof the tongue</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">11.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 166.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="221">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">舌根</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (shegen) back of the tongue</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 16pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">12.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.45pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">声带</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (shengda)i vocal
cords</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 16.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="21">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">13.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 2.0in;" valign="bottom" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: SimSun;">鼻腔</span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (biqiang) nasal cavity</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 22.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="29">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 31.4pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in; width: 1.75in;" valign="bottom" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 121%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section8">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section9">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pelafalan Nada</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 25.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam Bahasa Mandarin, nada (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12pt;">声调</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">) atau <i>shengdiao</i> (baca : sengtiao) berperan penting sebagai
salah satu pembeda kata-kata yang berbunyi sama. Kalau salah mengucapkan nada,
bisa-bisa orang lain salah menangkap makna kata yang kita maksud. Ada 4 nada
yang membedakan makna dan pelafalan, yakni sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 29.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 206%;">1. Nada Datar </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 206%;">dilambangkan dengan
nada “ - ” diatas huruf pinyin/ huruf<b> </b>bacanya. Cara membacanya datar dan
panjang. Contoh : seperti yang terdapat pada kata Mama (Ibu) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:64.5pt;height:12pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AYMEI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="86" /><!--[endif]--> yang dibaca mendatar dan panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 207%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 207%;">2. Nada Naik </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 207%;">dilambangkan dengan
tanda “ / ” diatas huruf pinyin atau huruf<b> </b>bacanya. Cara membacanya naik
dan agak tinggi dibanding nada datar. Contoh : seperti yang terdapat pada kata
Ma (bintik/serat) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 207%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:38.25pt;height:12.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AYMEI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="51" /><!--[endif]-->yang dibaca agak
naik dan tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 205%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 205%;">3. Nada
Melengkung </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 205%;">dilambangkan dengan tanda “
v ” diatas huruf pinyin/ huruf<b> </b>bacanya. Cara membacanya naik, kemudian
menurun (mendayu). Contoh : seperti yang terdapat pada kata Ma (kuda) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:40.5pt;height:13.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AYMEI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="54" /><!--[endif]-->yang dibaca dengan
nada mendayu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 11.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 205%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 205%;">4. Nada Menurun </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 205%;">dilambangkan degnan tanda “ \ ” diatas huruf pinyin/ huruf<b> </b>bacanya.
Cara membacanya menurun dan tegas. Contoh seperti yang terdapat pada kata Ma
(Marah) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:60.75pt;height:12.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\AYMEI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="81" /><!--[endif]--><b> (Mà) </b>yang
dibaca menurun dan tegas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 23.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 199%;">Seperti yang disebutkan di atas tadi. Empat kata yang sama bisa
memiliki arti yang berbeda, dikarenakan nada yang berbeda pula.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 199%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ma
(nada datar) = Ibu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ma
(nada naik) = Bintik/Serat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ma
(nada melengkung) = Kuda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ma
(nada menurun) = Marah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.9pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">( ) nada 1. Contoh : </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ā</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">( ) nada 2. Contoh : á</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">( ) nada 3. Contoh : </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ă</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">( ) nada 4. Contoh : à</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Keempat nada dalam Bahassa Mandarin sangat penting dalam
membedakan arti, jika salah mengucapkan nada dapat menyebabkan perbedaan arti
dan menimbulkan kesalahpahaman.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam Bahasa Mandarin ada juga nada ringan, nada ringan ini
dibacakan secara ringan dan pendek. Penulisan tanda nada pada nada ringan tidak
di berikan nada apapun pada suku katanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 7.65pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 212%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Peletakan tanda nada selalu diletakan di atas vokal. Jika dalam
suku kata terdapat final (ui) atau (iu), maka tanda nada diletakkan di vokal
akhir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 6.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 206%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cara pelafalan konsonan dalam Bahasa Mandarin sangat tergantung
pada posisi lidah, bibir, dan gigi, serta cara melafalkan. Apabila terjadi
kesalahan dalam posisi pelafalan dan cara pelafalan, maka lafal yang akan
dihasilkan akan kurang tepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Contoh:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan (Inisial/ <i>Shengmu</i>) /b/ cara pelafalan dengan suara
bibir (labial). Dilafalkan seperi konsonan [p] dalam bahasa Indonesia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /p/ dilafalkan dengan suara bibir (labial) aspirasi.
Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [ph] dalam bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /m/ cara pelafalan dengan suara bibir (labial).
Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [m] dalam Bahasa Indonesia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /f/ cara pelafalan dengan suara bibir (labial).
Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [f] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 212%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /d/ cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara ujung lidah
(apical). Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [t] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /t/ cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara ujung lidah
(apical) aspirasi. Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [th] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /n/ cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara ujung lidah
(apical). Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [n] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /l/ cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara ujung lidah (apical).
Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [l] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /g/ cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara pangkal
lidah (velar) pangkal lidah menyentuh langit-langit mulut. Dilafalkan seperti
konsonan [k] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /k/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara pangkal lidah (velar) pangkal lidah
menyentuh langit-langit mulut. Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [kh] dalam Bahasa
Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /h/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara pangkal lidah (velar) menyentuh langit-langit
mulut. Dilafalkan seperti konsonan [h] dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /j/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara badan lidah (dorsal). Dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʨ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau seperti
konsonan [c] dalam bahsa indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /q/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara badan lidah (dorsal). Dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʨʰ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau seperti
konsonan [ch] dalam bahasa indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /x/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara badan lidah (dorsal). Dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɕ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau mirip seperti
konsonan [s] dalam Bahasa Indonesia, namun dilafalkan dengan badan lidah, bukan
dengan ujung lidah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">15. Konsonan /zh/
cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah ditekuk ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 205pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">͡</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 212%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">langit-langit mulut.
Dilafalkan seperti [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʈʂ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau konsonan [z] dalam Bahasa Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">. Konsonan /ch/ cara melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah
ditekuk-tekuk ke langit-langit mulut (palatal) aspirasi. Setelah lidah
ditekuk-tekuk kelangit-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 188%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 146pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2.5pt;">͡</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">langit mulut, dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʈʂʰ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau seperti konsonan [ch] dalam Bahasa Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /sh/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah ditekuk-tekuk ke langit-langit mulut
(palatal) aspirasi. Setelah lidah ditekuk-tekuk kelangit-langit mulut,
dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʂ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">]. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /r/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah ditekuk-tekuk ke langit-langit mulut
(palatal) aspirasi. Setelah lidah ditekuk-tekuk kelangit-langit mulut,
dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʐ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɻ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /z/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (dental)
ujung lidah menuju gigi atas bagian dalam, dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʦ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">]. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: .1pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 199%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /c/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (dental)
ujung lidah menuju gigi atas bagian dalam, dilafalkan[</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʦʰ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">]atau seperti
konsonan c dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /s/ cara
melafalkan dengan menggunakan suara lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (dental)
ujung lidah menuju gigi atas bagian dalam, dilafalkan seperti konsonan [s]
dalam Bahasa Indonesia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /y/
dilafalkan seperti vokal [i] (baca: yi= i) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.6pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">23.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan /w/
dilafalkan seperti vokal [u] (baca: wu= u) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17.75pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan dalam <i>Pinyin</i>
dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan Aspirasi (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">送气音</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <i>song qi yin</i>) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan Non-aspirasi (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">不送气音</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <i>bu song qi yin</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Perbedaan antara keduanya adalah pada
saat pelafalannya, konsonan aspirasi disertai dengan dorongan udara dari mulut,
Adapun konsonan aspirasi adalah : p, t, k, q, ch, c. sedangkan konsonan Non-aspirasi
tidak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal dalam <i>Pinyin</i> memiliki
banyak kesamaan dengan vokal dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Vokal dalam <i>Pinyin</i>
juga memiliki vokal tunggal, vokal ganda, dan vokal dengung/ nasal. Berikut
penulis akan coba memaparkan cara pelafalan vokal <i>Pinyin</i> dalam Bahasa
Mandarin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /a/ dilafalkan [a] seperti dalam kata ”aku” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /i/ dilafalkan [yi] seperti dalam kata ”bayi’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /u/ dilafalkan [u] seperti dalam kata bau, vokal /u/ juga
dapat dilafalkan [wu] seperti dalam kata ”wushu’, serta vokal /u/ juga dapat
dilafalkan [yu] seperti dalam kata kayu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ü/ disebut sebagai ü umlaut dilafalkan [y] pengucapannya
terlebih dahulu lafalkan vokal /i/, kemudian rubah posisi mulut menjadi vokal
/u/. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /e/dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɤ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] dan /ê/ dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɛ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /o/ dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ǫ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] seperti dalam kata ”orang” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ai/ dilafalkan [a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɪ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /a/ terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi
lafal vokal /i/. Seperti /ai/ dalam kata belai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ei/ dilafalkan [e</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɪ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /e/ terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi
lafal vokal /i/. Seperti /ei/ dalam kata hei.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ao/ dilafalkan[</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑʊ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /a/ terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi
lafal vokal /o/. Seperti /ao/ dalam kata pulau. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ou/ dilafalkan
[</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑʊ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /o/ terlebih
dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal /u/. Seperti /ou/ dalam
kata <i>o..ow!!</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ia/ dilafalkan
vokal /i/ atau /y/ terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal
vokal /a/. Seperti /ia/ atau /ya/ dalam kata <i>buaya</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ie/ dilafalkan
vokal [i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɛ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] , lalu posisi mulut
diubah menjadi lafal vokal /e/. Seperti [ye] dalam kata yen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /iao/
dilafalkan vokal [i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑʊ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">], lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal /a/ Seperti /ia/
atau /ya/ dalam kata <i>yao</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ua/
dilafalkan[u</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /u/ terlebih
dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal /a/ Seperti wa dalam kata <i>uang</i>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /uo/ dilafalkan
[u</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ǫ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /u/
terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal /o/. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /uai/
dilafalkan [ua</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɪ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] vokal /u/ terlebih
dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal /ai/ Seperti /wai/ dalam
kata pantai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal üe dilafalkan
[y] atau vokal /ü/ terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal
vokal /e/. Seperti /yüe/ dalam kata yiue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /an/ dilafalkan
[an] seperti dalam kata anak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /en/
dilafalkan[</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ə</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">n] seperti /eun/
dalam kata entah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal /ang/
dilafalkan[</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] seperti dalam kata
angka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɤŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">]seperti dalam kata
enggak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʊŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] vokal /o/ terlebih
dahulu lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut dilafalkan /ung/ seperti dalam kata
gaung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɛ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">n] atau vokal /i/
terlebih dahulu, lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lalu lafalkan vokal /en/
seperti dalam kata yen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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[in] seperti /yin/ dalam kata kain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] seperti /yang/
dalam kata kayang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">/i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">əŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] seperti ying dalam
kata inggris. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [iy</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">/i</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ʊŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] atau vokal /i/
terlebih dahulu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal /ong/ seperti yung
dalam kata gayung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [uan] atau wan seperti dalam kata awan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [u</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɑŋ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">] seperti wang dalam
kata wangsit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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dilafalkan [y</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">ɛ</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">n] atau vokal /ü/
terlebih dahulu tanpa merubah posisi mulut lalu lafalkan yuan seperti dalam
kata yuen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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vokal /ü/ terlebih dahulu tanpa merubah posisi mulut lalu lafalkan /en/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">METODE PENELITIAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.1 Pendekatan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam penelitian analisis kesalahan pelafalan ini, penulis
melakukan pendekatan dengan metode deskriptif. Kesalahan pelafalan merupakan
objek kaji linguistik, sehingga penulis membahasnya lebih lanjut dengan cabang
ilmu yang lebih spesifik lagi yaitu fonologi dan fonetik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Metode penelitian sebagai salah satu bagian penelitian yang
memiliki unsur yang sangat penting. Metode yang dalam bahasa Yunani disebut <i>Methodos</i>
adalah cara atau jalan. Secara ilmiah, metode merupakan cara kerja untuk dapat
memahami objek yang menjadi sasaran ilmu yang bersangkutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dalam penelitian deskriptif ini, untuk memecahkan masalah
dilakukan pengumpulan, pengkajian, dan pengklasifikasian dari seluruh data yang
ada. Beberapa aspek yang perlu dicari dan digali meliputi masalah, teori,
konsep serta penarikan kesimpulan dan saran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.2 Lokasi Penelitian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Penelitian penulis lakukan di lingkungan Universitas Widya
Kartika.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.3.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Data dan Sumber Data <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Data Primer <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Data primer merupakan data yang diperoleh dari observasi dan
wawancara. Dalam penelitian ini penulis akan melakukan observasi secara
langsung (pengamatan), yaitu observasi melalui mendengar dan mengamati secara
langsung percakapan sehari-hari dalam bahasa Mandarin dari objek penelitian
yaitu mahasiswa semester VI program studi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Data Primer menurut Husein (2003: 60) adalah data penelitian yang
diperoleh secara langsung dari sumber pertama. Untuk memperoleh data penulis
melakukan wawancara dan menyebarkan kuisioner. Penulis membuat pertaanyan yang
akan dijawab oleh responden.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Contoh :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bagaimana pengucapan
aksara </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">声母</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (<i>shengmu</i>) ”b” dalam Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Indonesia?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bagaimanakah
pengucapan aksara </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;">韵母</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (<i>yunmu</i>) ”en”
dalam Bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Indonesia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Data sekunder</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Data sekunder menurut Husein (2003:60) adalah sumber data
penelitian yang diolah lebih lanjut, sehingga lebih informatif jika digunakan
oleh pihak lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Data sekunder adalah data yang bersifat tidak langsung, akan
tetapi memiliki keterkaitan fungsi dan kegunaan dengan salah satu aspek
pendukung bagi keabsahan suatu penelitian. Data sekunder berupa sumber-sumber
atau referensi tertulis yang berhubungan dengan masalah penelitian. Data
sekunder dalam penelitian ini adalah : studi kepustakaan, sebagai teknik
pengumpulan data selanjutnya untuk mendukung pencarian data dan informasi lebih
banyak dari berbagai buku.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dari kedua pengertian diatas dapat diketahui bahwa sumber data
yang digunakan penulis adalah kedua jenis data, yaitu data primer dan data
sekunder.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.4. Teknik
pengumpulan data</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Untuk mengetahui informasi dan data yang dibutuhkan, maka penulis
menggunakan metode pengumpulan data melalui:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 212%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Observasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menurut Teguh (2005: 139) Observasi yaitu teknik operasional
pengumpulan data melalui proses pencatatan secara cermat dan sistematis
terhadap objek yang diteliti secara langsung. Dalam penelitian ini penulis
melakukan pengamatan atas percakapan sehari-hari dalam bahasa mandarin
mahasiswa program studi Sastra Cina.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Wawancara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Wawancara menurut Teguh (2005:136) adalah metode pengumpulan data
dengan cara tanya jawab langsung. Penulis selaku penanya dan responden selaku
pihak yang diharapkan dapat memberikan jawaban yang penulis lakukan dengan
mahasiswa program studi Sastra Cin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Kuisioner</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Penulis juga membagikan kuisioner sebagai bukti rekam atau dokumen
tertulis atas wawancara dan observasi langsung terhadap mahasiswa program studi
Sastra Cina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.5 Analisis Data</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Untuk menganalisa data yang diperoleh,
penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu data yang diperoleh
dari penelitian, dikumpulkan. Kemudian disusun dan dianalisa untuk selanjutnya
diolah sehingga diperoleh hasil yang objektif mengenai objek penelitian
penulis. Setelah semua data terkumpul, selanjutnya akan diproses untuk
menemukan titik kesimpulan yang dapat menjelaskan laporan atau hasil penelitian
yang disusun secara sistematis. Untuk itu penulis melakukan sistematika
pengumpulan data sebagai berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Merancang pedoman
kuisioner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Membuat daftar
pertanyaan yang akan disebarkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menyebarkan kuisioner
tersebut kepada responden yang akan diteliti <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menelaah hasil data
yang telah disurvei <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menguraikan data-data yang telah dikelompokan dan menganalisis
letak kesalahan yang sering ditemukan pada hasil survei. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Menarik kesimpulan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mahasiswa diharapkan
dapat menjawab pertanyaan yang penulis berikan terkait pelafalan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">yang sering mereka
ucapkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">BAB IV</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kesalahan pelafalan. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bentuk kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin yang sering
terjadi pada mahasiswa semester VI program studi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas
Widya Kartika Surabaya adalah: kesalahan
pelafalan vokal dan konsonan. Kesalahan vokal yang sering dilakukan mahasiswa
adalah dalam vokal e, u, ü dan o. Sama halnya dengan vokal, konsonan dalam
bahasa mandarin juga kerap dilafalakn salah oleh para mahasiswa. Pelafalan yang
diucapkan terpengaruhi oleh bahasa daerah. Adapun konsonan yang sering
terdengar dilafalakan salah oleh mahasiswa adalah: b, p, d, g, k, j, q, dan zh.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Adapun yang menjadi faktor penyebab kesalahan pelafalan dalam
bahasa Mandarin pada Mahasiswa semester VI program studi Bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya adalah: karena banyak mahasiswa terpengaruh
oleh dialek bahasa pergaulan sehari hari dan bahasa daerah masing masing.
Mereka yang bersuku batak cenderung sulit melafalkan vokal tersebut dengan nada
yang sesuai. Nada yang dilafalakan acap kali bernada keras. Hal ini tentu saja
membingungkan mereka yang mendengar dan bila tidak ada koreksi tentu saja
mempengaruhi bahasa mandarin yang ia pelajari. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Masalah bahasa di Indonesia erat hubungnnya dengan tiga masalah
pokok, yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">masalah bahasa nasional, bahasa daerah, dan bahasa asing. Ketiga
masalah pokok itu perlu ditelaah dengan sungguh sungguh agar dapat dikembangkan
secara baik dan benar. Lebih dikhususkan lagi kepada bahasa asing yang
dipelajari oleh mahasiswa guna peningkatan mutu pemakaiana bahasa dengan baik
dan pengembangan bahasa itu ditujukan pada penuhan fungsi bahasa itu sendiri
sebagai sarana komunikasi dan sebagai <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">aspek kehidupan sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Sebagaimana kita
ketahui bersama, bahasa mandarin dilingkungan Universitas Sumatera Utara masih
tergolong baru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Adapun upaya pencapaian tujuan untuk peningkatan mutu bahasa
mandarin khususnya dan pengembangan bahasa tersebut, dilakukan melalui
penelitian bahasa dan sastra dalam berbagai aspek, lalu pembinaan bahasa
dilakukan dengan penyuluhan atau seminar tentang penggunaan bahasa mandarin
yang baik dan benar dalam masyarakat serta penyebarluasan berbagai buku pedoman
dan hasil penelitian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 202%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sebelumnya penulis telah memaparkan bidang kajian linguistik yaitu
fonologi dan fonetik yang terkait dengan penelitian tentang kesalahan pelafalan
pada bab II. Maka pada bab IV ini penulis akan mencoba memaparkan hasil
analisis kesalahan pelafalan bahasa manadari pada mahasiswa program studi
sastra cina universitas sumatera utara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 204%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dari hasil observasi dan quisioner yang penulis sebar kepada
mahasiswa program studi Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya , berikut ini penulis akan membahas analisis
kesalahan pelafalan bahasa manadarin yang disajikan dalam kesalahan pelafalan
vokal dan konsonan yang sering terjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.2.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor penyebab kesalahan. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor utama kesalahan pelafalan
dalam bahasa Mandarin yang sering dilakukan <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mahasiswa terjadi karena adanya interpensi dari
bahasa ibu (<i>native tongue</i>), pengaruh bahasa daerah dan dialek yang
melekat dalam keseharian berbahasa daerah tersebut juga menjadi faktor penting
kesalahan pelafalan dalam berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">mandarin mahasiswa sering terjadi. Serta
kurangnya pengetahuan tentang artikulasi pelafalan bunyi tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.3.</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hasil <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kesalahan pelafalan yang paling banyak
terjadi adalah pada vokal, /e/, /u/, /ü/, dan /o/. Sedangkan kesalahan
pelafalan yang paling banyak terjadi pada konsonan adalah: /b/, /p/, /d/, /g/,
/k/, /j/, /q/, /z/, dan /h/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">BAB V</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5.1 Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Berdasarkan uaraian
pada bab sebelumnya, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 204%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bahasa mandarin memiliki
empat jenis nada yang berbeda satu sama lain. Nada ini hampir pasti
digunakan dalam setiap pelafalan suatu kata. Keempat jenis nada ini
mewakili sebuah arti yang berbeda. Jadi walaupun kata yang dilafalkan
seseorang terdengar sama tapi memiliki arti yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21.9pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bahasa mandarin memiliki huruf yang berbeda
dengan bahasa latin atau pun bahasa indonesia yang kita ketahui
menggunakan huruf alphabetic sebagai sistem penulisannya. Bahasa mandarin
menggunakan aksara cina yang disebut </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉字</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(<i>hanzi</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Vokal dalam bahasa mandarin tidak sama dengan vokal bahasa
indonesia atau bahasa latin yang menggunakan huruf alphabetic. Vokal dalam
bahasa mandarin terhitung lebih banyak dari lima vokal yang kita ketahui
bersama yaitu a, e, i, u, dan ,o. Dalam bahasa mandarin terdapat vokal tunggal,
vokal gabungan dan vokal nasal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Konsonan dalam bahasa mandarin ada 21
huruf. Tetapi berbeda dengan bahasa indonesia atau bahasa latin yang
menggunakan alphabet, yang juga berjumlah 21</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 206%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">huruf diluar vokal a, i, e, u, dan o,
bahasa mandarin memiliki konsonan gabungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">yang terdiri dari dua huruf. Contoh zh,
ch, sh dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Saran <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Karena bahasa mandarin memiliki kerumitan tersendiri penutur
sedapat mungkin menguasai denagn baik dan benar nada yang terdapat dalam bahasa
mandarin dan tidak terkontaminasi oleh dialek bahasa daerah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Agar tidak terjadi salah pengertian, kita perlu memahami dan
hati-hati ketika menggunakan kata-kata yang mempunyai kemiripan dalam
melafalkan atau bertutur dalam bahasa mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Komunikasi dua arah dalam bahasa mandarin harus sering dilakukan
oleh para mahasiswa untuk melatih kecakapan mereka dalam berbahasa mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fonetic Transcription </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">perlu diajarkan agar mahasiswa bisa memahami dan<i> </i>mengerti
bagaimana pelafalan yang baik dan benar dalam bertutur suatu bahasa, bahasa
mandarin khususnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chaer
Abdul. 1994. <i>Linguistik Umum.</i> Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 164%;">Corder, S. P. 1981. <i>Error analysis
and interlanguage.</i> New York: Oxford University Press</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Djajasudarma
Fatimah. 2006. <i>Metode Linguistik.</i> Bandung: PT Refika Aditama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 164%;">Ellis Rod. 1984. <i>The study of second
language acquisition.</i> New York: Oxford University</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 222%;">Koentjaraningrat.1976. <i>Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi.</i> Jakarta:
Aksara Baru Lapoliwa Hans. 1988. <i>Pengantar Fonologi 1: Fonetik</i>. Jakarta:
PT Kayu Putih Lass Roger. 1988. <i>Phonology</i>. Afrika Selatan: Cambridge
University Press Marsono. 1993. <i>Fonetik</i>. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 222%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 164%;">Muslich Masnur. 2008. <i>Fonologi Bahasa
Indonesia Tinjauan Deskriptif Sistem</i> <i>Bunyi Bahasa Indonesia</i>.
Jakarta: Bumi Aksara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 164%;">Saussure de Ferdinand. 1988. <i>Pengantar
Linguistik Umum</i>. Yogyakarta: Gadjag Mada University Press</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Shin
Edysen. 2007. <i>Applied Mandarin Daily Conversation.</i> Jakarta: Kesaint
Blanc</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.85pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 164%;">Subroto Edi. 2007. <i>Pengantar Metode
Penelitian Linguistik Struktural</i>. Surakarta: Lembaga Pengembangan
Pendidikan Universitas Sebelas Maret.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 222%;">Suparto. 2009. <i>Percakapan Mandarin Modern.</i> Bandung: Pustaka
Internasional Suparto. 2003. <i>Tata Bahasa Mandarin itu Mudah</i> Jakarta:
Puspa Swara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 222%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 164%;">Tarigan, Henry guntur dan Tarigan,
Djago. 1988. <i>Pengajaran analisis kesalahan</i> <i>berbahasa. </i>Bandung:
Angkasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 164%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-18218039875207127902014-12-17T20:57:00.001-08:002014-12-17T20:57:24.655-08:00Keefektifan Metode Tanya Jawab untuk Meningkatkan Proses Belajar Mengajar dalam Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika SurabayaJudul pos <b style="line-height: 24px; text-align: center; text-indent: -37px;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Manusia adalah makhluk sosial yang
tidak dapat lepas dari komunikasi.Setiap harinya tiap individu pasti berkomunikasi
dengan individu lainnya.Tiap Negara memiliki bahasa yang berbeda-beda dan itulah
yang menjadi hambatan individu untuk berkomunikasi denganin dividu yang berbeda
negara.Oleh karena itu sekarang ini banyak pelajaran bahasa asing yang dapat membantu
tiap individu untuk mempelajari bahasa asing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Saat ini Bahasa Mandarin adalah bahasa
yang masuk dalam bahasa internasional setelah Bahasa Inggris.Dalam pengertian
yang sempit, Mandarin berarti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Putonghua</span></a><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">普通话</span>dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Guoyu</span></a><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun;">國語</span> yang merupakan dua bahasa standar
yang hampir sama yang didasarkan pada bahasa lisan Beifanghua. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Putonghua</span></a> adalah bahasa resmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cina</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Guoyu</span></a> adalah bahasa resmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Taiwan</span></a>.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Putonghua</span></a> - yang biasanya malah dipanggil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayu" title="Huayu"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Huayu</span></a> – juga adalah salah satu dari empat bahasa resmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Singapura</span></a>.Dalam pengertian yang luas, Mandarin berarti Beifanghua
(secara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harafiah" title="Harafiah"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">harafiah</span></a> berarti "bahasa percakapan
Utara"), yang merupakan sebuah kategori yang luas yang mencakup beragam jenis
dialek percakapan yang digunakan sebagai bahasa lokal di sebagian besar bagian utara
dan barat daya Cina, dan menjadi dasar bagi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Putonghua</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Guoyu</span></a>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Belajar Bahasa tidak bisa jika hanya dengan
menghafal kata,namun juga harus dikomunikasikan agar terbiasa.Dalam makalah ini penulis akan membahas
tentang sejauh mana keefektifan metode Tanya jawab dalam proses belajar mengajar
di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja hambatan dalam mengkomunikasikan
Bahasa Mandarin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejauh mana keefektifan Tanya jawab dalam
proses belajar mengajar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3.1
Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana keefktifan metode Tanya jawab dalam meningkatkan
proses belajar mengajar di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat bagi penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan serta dapat mengaplikasikan dan mensosialkan teori
yang telah diperoleh selama perkuliahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat bagi peneliti selajutnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
menjadi wahana pengetahuan dan referensi peneliti selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> LANDASAN
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaraan
karakter Bahasa Mandarin bagi pelajar Indonesia yang belajar Bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengerti perbedaan budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar bahasa misal : alfabet vs karakter
bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola belajar membuat bahasa Mandarin
tidak mudah dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan metode belajar bahasa
mandarin dengan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa ini akan terasa berjalan ringan,
menyenangkan dan efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
metode permainan ular tangga dalam pembelajaraan Hanzi pada siswa kelas VII E
SMPK Stella Maris Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang
sepenuhnya membenamkan murid dalam pengalaman yang interaktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencoba mengusir ketakutan pada
pembelajar ketika menghadapi lingkungan yang penuh dengan tantangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajar juga harus merancang sarana
pengajaran yang artistik dalam kreasi lngkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil pembelajaran yang optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partisipasi dalam lingkungan realistik
dimana siswa dapat mencoba hal baru dengan aman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
pinyin terhadap pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin pada siswa kelas 4 SD Surabaya
Montessori School.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengucapan bahasa Mandarin sangat
penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengucapan adalah landasan untuk
bisa menguasai bahasa Mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar bahasa Mandarin harus memahami
cara pengucapannya dulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila terjadi kesalahan dalam posisi
pelafalan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pelafalan, maka lafal yang
dihasilkan akan kurang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
kesalaahan penggunaan sinonim Bahasa Mandarin terhadap mahasiswa Indonesia di
Chongqing Normal University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperlancar proses belajar bahasa
dengan cepat dan mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan penggunaan kata keterangan
waktu dalam bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan komponen linguistik yaitu
leksikon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan orang yang sedang belajar
dengan objek yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan penggunaan kata negasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisiss
penguasaan karakter mandarin pada mahasiswa semester 3 prodi Bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika dengan menggunakan Komponen dan Radikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu melafalkan huruf bahasa
Mandarin dan kurang cocok dipelajari secara terpisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami dan menguasai huruf Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan memahami bentuk tertulis
merupakan hal mutlak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan daya analisis Imajinasi
untuk memahami setiap huruf bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.1pt; tab-stops: 49.6pt 77.95pt right dotted 368.55pt blank 396.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa adalah kapasitas
khusus yang ada pada manusia untuk memperoleh dan menggunakan sistem komunikasi
yang kompleks.Perkiraan jumlah dari bahasa di dunia beragam antara 6.000-7.000 bahasa.Bahasa alami adalah bicara
atau bahasa isyarat,tetapi setiap bahasa dapat disandikan kedalam media kedua menggunakan
stimulus audio,visual,atau taktil,sebagai contohnya,dalam tulisan grafis,Braille,atau
siulan. Bahasa berubah dan bervariasi sepanjang waktu,dan sejarah evolusinya dapat
direkonstruksi ulang dengan membandingkan bahasa modern untuk menentukan sifat-sifat
mana yang harus dimiliki oleh bahasa leluhurnya supaya perubahan nantinya dapat
terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
bahasa adalah untuk mempermudah komunikasi dengan orang lain sehingga dapat terjadi
relasi antara satu orang dengan yang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Hanzi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanzi merupakan salah
satu bahasa tulis yang tertua di dunia. Perkembangannya menjadi bentuk yang
kita kenal sekarang memakan waktu ribuan tahun. Secara garis besar, evolusi dan
jenis-jenis Hanzi dapat dibagi atas enam macam, yaitu jiaguwen, jinwen, xiaozhuan, lishu, caoshu, kaishu, dan xingshu.Hanzi yang paling awal muncul
ditemukan pada jaman Dinasti Shang
di dalam ukiran/pahatan pada tempurung kura-kura, tulang rusa, dan lain-lain.
Oleh karena itu, orang-orang menyebutnya jiaguwen.
Bentuknya sangat berbeda dengan Hanzi yang kita kenal sekarang dan sangat sulit
untuk dipahami. Karakter pada jiaguwen
bentuknya mirip lukisan karena diadopsi langsung berdasarkan objek/benda yang
digambarkan, atau dengan kata lain dalam bentuk piktograf. Selain itu, Hanzi
pada jiaguwen juga terdapat
penggabungan materi-materi menjadi makna baru dengan konsep yang cukup rumit
(ideograf).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jinwen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tercipta saat Cina mengalami jaman perunggu. Saat itu,
penggunaan materi atau alat-alat berbasis perunggu sangat mendominasi kehidupan
manusia. Karakter-karakter Cina banyak ditemukan pada alat-alat perunggu
semacam ini, oleh karena itu disebut jinwen
(saat itu jin/perunggu disebut tong). Struktur,komposisi maupun
konstruksi Jinwen tidak jauh beda dengan jiaguwen.Pada jaman negara-negara berperang
atau Zhanguo shidai (475-221
SM) tiap-tiap negara kecil melakukan segala hal dengan cara-caranya sendiri,
tidak terkecuali dengan penggunaan bahasa tulis. Setelah Kaisar Qin Shi menaklukkan dan mempersatukan
Cina berdirilah dinasti Qin (221-207
SM). Kaisar Qin lalu melakukan penyeragaman bahasa tulis di seluruh darata</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cina dan menetapkan standar-standar tertentu untuk
pertama kalinya. Pada era inilah xiaozhuan
tercipta. Bentuknya cukup rumit dan masih sangat sulit untuk dapat dipahami.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah dinasti Qin tumbang, dinasti Han muncul menguasai Cina. Pada era
ini lishu diciptakan dan mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Lishu menggunakan beberapa konsep
dasar guratan dalam menulis karakternya seperti dian (titik), heng
(garis horizontal), shu (garis
vertikal), tie (garis
melengkung ke kiri), na (garis
melengkung ke kanan), dan lain-lain. Inilah dasar Hanzi yang kita kenal
sekarang.Tidak lama berselang, orang-orang mulai berpikir untuk menulis Hanzi
dengan cepat dan terciptalah caoshu.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk lishu dan caoshu dianggap masih kasar dan tidak mudah dipahami. Kaishu kemudian diciptakan untuk
mengatasi problematika ini. Bentuknya pas (cukup merepresentasikan materi atau
ide yang ingin digambarkan), indah, dan mudah dipahami. Inilah bentuk hanzi yang
kita kenal sekarang, terutama pada ragam penulisan surat kabar, majalah, dan
buku-buku.Bentuk penulisan kaishu sangat
tegak dan kaku, untuk dapat menulisnya dengan benar memakan waktu lebih. Hal
ini menjadi masalah bagi orang-orang yang dalam profesinya membutuhkan
kecepatan menulis seperti wartawan dan sebagainya. Tidak jarang mereka masih
menggunakan konsep caoshu dalam
menulis kaishu, yaitu menulis
dengan cepat. Hasilnya tidak seindah kaishu
dan tidak jarang hanya penulisnya sendiri yang dapat memahami karakter-karakter
ini. Inilah yang disebut dengan xingshu.
Orang-orang jaman sekarang pada umumnya sudah menggunakan xingshu.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Pinyin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
Hànyǔ Pīnyīn
(<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉语拼音</span>,
arti harafiah: “bunyi bersama bahasa”) atau sering disingkat Pinyin (<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拼音</span>,
Pīnyīn) yang berarti “bunyi bersama” dalam bahasa Tionghoa adalah system romanisasi
(notasifonetis dan alih aksara ketulisan Latin) untuk bahasa Mandarin Baku yang
digunakan di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.Pinyin disetujui penggunaannya pada 1958
dan diadopsi pada 1979 oleh pihak pemerintah Tiongkok. Ia menggantikan system alih
aksara lama seperti sistem Wade-Giles (1859; dimodifkasi pada 1912) atau
Bopomofo.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
Sejak saat itu,
Hanyu Pinyin telah diterima sebagai system alih aksara utama untuk bahasa
Mandarin di dunia.Pada 1979 Organisasi Internasional untuk Standarisasi (ISO)
mengadopsi hanyu pinyin sebagai standar romanisasi untuk bahasa Tionghoa
Modern.</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.6pt 77.95pt right dotted 368.55pt blank 396.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
saya dari bab 2 ini adalah Bahasa Mandarin adalah bahasa yang memiliki kanji
tradisional dan modern.Kanji tradisiona lmemiliki kerumitan yang lebih dari
kanji modern. Mandarin juga mempunyai Pinyin yang digunakan untuk pelafalan dalam
perakapan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISA DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Keefektifan Metode
Tanya Jawab untuk meningkatkan Proses Belajar Mengajar dalam Bahasa Mandarin di
Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 10.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dari
hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa metode Tanya jawab sangat efektif karena
dengan bertanya jawab,mahasiswa akan cepat memahami materi.Tanya jawab dalam Bahasa
Mandarin juga dapat melatih komunikasi sehingga mahasiswa tidak canggung jika berbicara dalam Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 10.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 10.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 10.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hasil Penelitian</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Keefektifan Metode Tanya Jawab</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dari
90 responden, 85 responden mengatakan bahwa metode Tanya jawab sangat berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan
proses belajar mengajar dalam kelas.Hal tersebut dapat diketahui dari table
dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 164.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tabel 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kefektifan Metode
Tanya Jawab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faktor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Efektif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">85<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">94.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tidak efektif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.1pt;" valign="top" width="191">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hambatan
dalam mengkomunikasikan Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
belajar Bahasa,tentunya ada beberapa faktor penghambat.Faktor penghambat dapat
dilihat dari table dibawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 53.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 161.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.55pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel
2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hambatan komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 35.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurang
pemahaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">70<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">77.8<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perasaan
takut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 131.45pt;" valign="top" width="175">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">22.2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
ini berisi kesimpulan dari hasil analisis bab-bab sebelumnya. Serta saran untuk
menjadikan langkah lebih maju dan lebih baik dalam menganalisi suatu masalah.
Berdasarkan pembahasan bab sebelumnya, dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Mahasiswa
akan cepat paham jika terus menggunakan metode Tanya jawab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Metode
Tanya jawab dapat meningkatkan keefektifan belajar mahasiswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Dosen
lebih sering bertanya jawab dengan mahasiswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Proses
belajar juga dapat menggunakan media belajar lain agar mahasiswa tidak bosan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Dosen
harus memberikan latihan pelafalan agar mahasiswa dapat lebih mudah
mengkomunikasikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://carapedia.com/fungsi_bahasa_menurut_para_ahli_info945.html">http://carapedia.com/fungsi_bahasa_menurut_para_ahli_info945.html</a>.</div>
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<a href="http://sinopaxsinica.blogspot.com/2009/05/sejarah-singkat-perkembangan-%20%0dhanzi_03.html">http://sinopaxsinica.blogspot.com/2009/05/sejarah-singkat-perkembangan-
<o:p></o:p></a></div>
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://sinopaxsinica.blogspot.com/2009/05/sejarah-singkat-perkembangan-%20%0dhanzi_03.html">hanzi_03.html</a><a href="http://winnerdieng.wordpress.com/2008/07/31/apa-itu-pinyin/">http://winnerdieng.wordpress.com/2008/07/31/apa-itu-pinyin/</a></span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-72389850325068876472014-12-17T20:55:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:55:34.005-08:00 LAPORAN KARYA TULIS “PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN KATA HAISHI DAN HUOZHE DALAM SASTRA TIONGHUA” <br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.1 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar belakang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
sastra tionghua ada banyak sekali kata dan memiliki banyak arti.Ada kata yang
sama tetapi memiliki arti berbeda,ada juga kata yang berbeda tetapi memiliki
arti yang sama tetapi memiliki perbedaan penggunaan.Salah satu contoh kata itu
adalah haishi dan huozhe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Haishi
dan huozhe memiliki arti yang sama yaitu <b><i>atau</i></b>.Dalam lingkup ini kami ingin mengetahui
pengetahuan mahasiswa Widya Kartika tentang perbedaan penggunaan kata Haishi
dan Huozhe dalam kegiatan Sastra Tionghua. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2 PerumusanMasalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari latar belakang diatas maka penulis mengambil
perumusanmasalahsebagaiberikut :</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Apakah mahasiswa tahu perbedaan penggunaan haishi atau
huozhe dalam sastra tionghua</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">?”</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3 TujuanPenelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ini</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dilakukan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengetahui seberapa jauh </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang perbedaan kata haishi
dan huozhe.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4 ManfaatPenelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dari</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk mengatahui </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang perbedaan kata haishi
dan huozhe dalam sastra tionghua.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5 MetodePenelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mendampatkan informasi kami membagikan
kuisoner.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6 Hipotesis</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotesis</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dari</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">karya</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">tulis</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ini</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">yaitu mengetahui seberapa jauh </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang perbedaan kata haishi
dan huozhe.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.7 Waktu</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lokasi</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitihan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lokasi Penilitian di lakukan Universitas Widya
Kartika .</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB 2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LANDASAN TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.
Pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
Haishi dan Huozhe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Haishi dan huozhe adalah sebuah kata dalam bahasa
Tionghua yang memiliki arti yang sama yaitu <b><i>atau.</i></b>Akan tetapi Haishi
dan Huozhe memiliki perbedaan penggunaan.Haishi digunakan dalam kalimat
pertanyaan.Misalnya:Ni yao he kafei haishi cha ?(Kamu mau minum kopi atau teh?)Sedangkan
huozhe digunakan dalam membuat pernyataan.Misalnya:Mingtian wo qu GM huozhe
PTC.(Bsok saya pergi GM atau PTC.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB 3</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBAHASAN PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3.1 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Metode
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pengerjaan
karya tulis ini, penulis memperoleh data dengan cara menyebarkan angket. Angket
tersebut kami sebarkan kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahasiswa Widya
Kartika dengan jumlah 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.2 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data angket yang
diperoleh , kami buat table sepertiberikut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apakah anda bisa bahasa Mandarin/Tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 51.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 465px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian 10 siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> bisa mandarin atau bahasa tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">% siswa tidak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
bisa Bahasa Mandarin/Tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Apa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anda tahu arti kata Haishi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 533px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak
tahu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
penelitian 10 siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0%
siswa menjawab </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tahu arti kata
haishi sedangkan 60% menjawab tidak tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Apa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anda tahu arti kata Huozhe </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
penelitian 10 siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0%
siswa menjawab </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tahu arti kata
huozhe sedangkan 50%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apakah anda tahu perbedaan Haishi dan Huozhe</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">80</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil penelitian
1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">siswa menjawab tahu perbedaan Haishi dan huozhe dan 80%
siswa menjawab tidak tahu perbedaan
haishi dan huozhe</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AB
4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian yang telah kami lakukan dengan penyebaran angket, dapat kami
ambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.Sebagian siswa Widya Kartika tidak bisa Bahasa Tionghua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.Masih sedikit siswa Widya Kartika yang mengetahui perbedaan kata haishi dan huozhe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.2
Saran </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebaiknya mahasiswa Widya Kartika lebih sering membaca
buku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-55735858442668489932014-12-17T20:54:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:54:45.393-08:00Analisa Pengembangan Penggunaan Bahasa Mandarin didalam Dunia Kerja Tahun 2014<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
merupakan suatu alat komunikasi yang tidak pernah lepas dalam kehidupan sehari
– hari. Dengan bahasa kita dapat menyampaikan apa yang ingin kita sampaikan
kepada orang lain dan mempermudah kita untuk berhubungan dengan orang lain.
Bahasa adalah kapasitas khusus yang ada pada manusia untuk memperoleh dan
menggunakan sistem komunikasi yang kompleks, dan sebuah bahasa adalah contoh
spesifik dari system tersebut. Kajian bahasa di sebut dengan linguistik. Di
dunia ini begitu banyak macam bahasa dan di perkirakan antara 6000 – 7000 bahasa.
Bahasa menurut <i>Wittgenstein </i>bahasa
merupakan bentuk pemikiran yang dapat di pahami, berhubungan dengan realitas,
dan memiliki bentuk dan struktur yang logis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
merupakan sarana komunikasi yang paling utama. Ada begitu banyak bahasa yang di
gunakan untuk berkomunikasi di dunia ini antara lain bahasa Indonesia, Inggris,
Mandarin, Jepang, Arab, Perancis, dan masih banyak lagi. Bangsa Indonesia
adalah bangsa yang terbuka terhadap bangsa – bangsa lain untuk berkomunikasi
dalam hal pekerjaan, kemasyarakatan, dan dalam hal yang lain. Dengan adanya
komunikasi dengan bangsa lain, Indonesia dapat belajar berbagai bahasa lain
yang lain yang ada di dunia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu bahasa yang saat ini di pelajari di Indonesia yaitu bahasa mandarin. Dan
bahasa mandarin ini telah di akui sebagai bahasa Internasional. Saat ini juga
dalam bekerja ada yang menggunakan bahasa mandarin karena adanya kerjasama
dengan perusahaan china. Memasuki jaman globalisasi peran bahasa mandarin
sangatlah penting. Dan banyaknya kerjasama dengan perusahaan china, serta
banyaknya pengguna bahasa mandarin di seluruh dunia. Sehingga dengan menguasai
bahasa mandarin kita dapat mencari pekerjaan dengan mudah karena saat ini
banyak sekali perusahaan yang membutuhkan pekerja yang dapat berbahasa mandarin.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
semakin meningkatnya bahasa mandarin di dunia, maka di Indonesia telah
menunjukkan perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Hal ini dapat di lihat dari
kacanggihan teknologi saat ini. Adanya social media yang membantu dalam
mempelajari bahasa mandarin. Social media tersebut seperti <i>Facebook, twitter, </i>dan masih banyak lagi. Ada pula video yang
mengajarkan bahasa mandarin yaitu <i>youtube</i>.
Bahkan di televisi pun ada <i>channel </i>yang
khusus berbahasa mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
tidak langsung hal ini membuat banyak masyarakat ingin mempelajari bahasa
mandarin lebih dalam lagi. Hal ini mempengaruhi perkembangan bahasa mandarin di
bidang pendidikan dan ekonomi. Tidak jarang saat ini bermunculan lembaga –
lembaga pendidikan formal dan informal untuk memberikan pendidikan bahasa mandarin
agar mengahaslkan orang – orang yang bermanfaat, mandiri, unggul, serta pekerja
yang professional terutama dalam bidang professional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
mandarin saat ini yang telah di pelajari dengan baik dan benar yaitu <i>hanyu</i></span><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(汉语)</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, pinyin</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(拼音)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Karena adanya perbedaan karakter dan arti. Hal ini sangatlah penting agar kita
benar – benar mengerti dan paham dengan baik bahasa mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang yang telah di tentukan, adapun rumusan masalah yang dapat di
tentukan beberapa rumusan masalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perntingnya
belajar bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
belajar bahasa mandarin khususnya dalam dunia kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
tujuan dari penelitian ini, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
pentingnya bahasa mandarin dalam dunia kerja. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui tingkat pemakaian bahasa mandarin dalan dunia kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
dari penelitian ini, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan gambaran tentang pentingnya
belajar bahasa mandarin dalam dunia kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan gambaran tentang proses penggunaan bahasa mandarin dalam dunia
kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan pengetahuan kepada penulis
dan pembaca tentang penggunaan bahasa mandarin dalam dunia kerja,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan
Teori <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review
hasil penelitian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa Kesalahan Penggunaan </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">语气助词</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
oleh mahasisiwa Indonesia yang belajar Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran pada
Pembelajaran Tata Bahasa dan Kosakata Bahasa Mandarin untuk Siswa Kelas IV SD
Gloria Pakuwon City Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efektifitas Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin
dengan Menggunakan Berbantuan Computer untuk Siswa Kelas IV SD Gloria 3
Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran Karakter Bahasa Mandarin
Bagi Pelajar Indonesia yang Belajar Bahasa Mandarin di Chongqing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisa Peran Hanyu Pinyin dalam
Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Tingkat Dasar di Universitas Widya Kartika
Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Mandarin semakin strategis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pesatnya
pertumbuhan perekonomian Cina sejak tahun 1990hingga sekarang telah menjadikan
Cina sebagai kekuatan perekonomian baru dunia. Perekonomian Amerika Serikat dan
Negara-negara Eropa bahkan kini sudah kalah pesat disbanding Negara tirai bambu
tersebut. Pertumbuhan ekonomi Cina rata-rata di atas 9 persen pertahun.
Populasi warga keturunan Cina di seluruh dunia mencapai 1,9 miliar orang, telah
menyulap Bahasa Mandarin menjadi bahasa bisnis yang strategis di dunia
Internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alhasil,
Bahasa Mandarin kini menjadi Bahasa Internasional kedua setelah Bahasa Inggris.
Bahasa Mandarin digunakan oleh lebih dari satu miliar orang di seluruh dunia
dan penguasaan terhadap Bahasa Mandarin sering diidentikkan dengan makin
cerahnya prospek karir seseorang terutama bagi mereka yang hendak terjun dalam
dunia bisnis. Realitas ini juga terjadi di kegiatan perekonomian di Batam,
Tanjung Pinang, Karimun dan lainnya dikuasai oleh warga Tionghoa. Dalam menjalankan
bisnis umumnya mereka menggunakan Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
data dari Forum Internasional Bahasa Mandarin di Shanghai disebutkan bahwa kini
ada lebih dari 2.027 universitas dari 85 negara di seluruh dunia yang
menawarkan kursus Bahasa Mandarin. Peningkatan penawaran ini terutama dipicu
oleh keberhasilan Cina dalam mengajukan diri sebagai tuan rumah Olimpiade dan
keberhasilan dalam masuknya Cina menjadi anggota WTO. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
statistik dari forum yang sama juga menyebutkan bahwa ada sekitar 25 juta orang
yang berminat mempelajari Bahasa Mandarindan 60.000 orang di antaranya dating
ke Cina khusus untuk mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin secara lebih baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hal di atas bisa di simpulkan bahwa saat ini Bahasa Mandarin sangat penting dan
banyak orang yang telah mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin lebih baik lagi karena saat
ini banyak sekali perkerjaan yang membutuhkan pekerja yang bisa berbahasa
mandarin untuk dapat berbisnis dengan mudah dengan negara lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
Penerjemah Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penerjemah
Bahasa Mandarin memiliki tugas yang lebih berat dibandingkan dengan penerjemah
Bahasa lain. Hal yang menjadikannya berat adalah penerjemah Bahasa Mandarin
tidak hanya belajar pengucapan serta kata-kata dalam Bahasa Mandarin namun juga
harus mempelajari huruf-huruf tradisional Cinakarena sebagian besar teks dalam
Bahasa Mandarin ditulis dalam aksara Cina tersebut.hal inilah yang menjadikan
penerjemah Bahasa Mandarin tidak bisa dianggap remeh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
Penerjemah Bahasa Mandarin semakin dibutuhkan di era sekarang ini. Hal ini
berkaitan erat dengan semakin kuatnya Negara Cina dalam percaturan politik
serta ekonomi dunia. <span class="apple-style-span">Cina ini menjadikan banyak
orang menjadi tertarik untuk mempelajari bangsa besar ini. Beberapa aspek yang
menarik dari bangsa Cina seperti bisnis, pengetahuan, serta budaya menjadi
populer untuk dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak hanya mempelajari naskah,
penerjemah juga sangat dibutuhkan jika Anda ingin menjalin kerjasama dengan
perusahaan asal Cina. Seperti yang telah kita ketahui bersama, ekonomi Cina
sekarang disokong oleh ribuan perusahaan – perusahaan sukses di bidang mereka
masing – masing. Dalam menjalin kerjasama bisnis dengan perusahaan asal Cina,
Anda akan membutuhkan penerjemahan beberapa dokumen penting jika ingin
kerjasama bisa berjalan dengan lebih lancar. Selain itu, Anda juga akan
membutuhkan seorang penerjemah lisan yang dapat membantu jalannya komunikasi
ketika Anda sedang mengadakan negosiasi bisnis atau diskusi bisnis dengan klien
yang berasal dari Cina. Maka, untuk kelancaran bisnis Anda bisa mengandalkan
jasa dari seorang penerjemah Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan
Ekspor dan Impor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
A. Pengertian Ekspor dan Impor</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ekspor
adalah kegiatan menjual barang atau jasa ke luar negeri. Orang yang melakukan
kegiatan ekspor disebut dengan eksportir. Adapun barang yang dijual dikenal
sebagai barang ekspor. Melimpahnya sumber daya alam suatu negara
melatarbelakangi kegiatan ekspor. Sebagai contoh negara Indonesia melimpah akan
minyak bumi dan hasil pertanian. Selain untuk mencukupi kebutuhan di dalam
negeri, sebagian juga diekspor ke luar negeri. Impor merupakan kebalikan dari
ekspor. Impor adalah kegiatan membeli barang dari luar negeri. Orang yang
melakukan kegiatan impor disebut sebagai importir. Adapun barang yang dibeli
dari luar negeri disebut barang impor. Keterbatasan sumber daya alam dan sumber
daya manusia menjadi alasan dilakukan impor. Contohnya adalah Indonesia belum
bisa memproduksi barang-barang elektronik dan barang otomotif seperti mobil,
sepeda motor, dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia mengimpor barang-barang
tersebut dari negara lain. Kegiatan ekspor dan impor dilakukan melalui
pelabuhan laut. Salah satu pelabuhan di Indonesia yang menjadi tempat kegiatan
ekspor dan impor adalah pelabuhan Tanjung Priok.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
B. Kegiatan Ekspor dan Impor
Indonesia</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
Negara Indonesia
kaya akan sumber daya alam. Terutama hasil tambang dan hasil pertanian. Hasil
tambang dan hasil pertanian sebagian untuk mencukupi kebutuhan dalam negeri.
Sebagian diekspor ke luar negeri. Indonesia masih mempunyai keterbatasan di
bidang sumber daya manusia. Terutama untuk memproduksi barang-barang elektronik
dan barangbarang otomotif. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia mengimpor barang-barang
tersebut dari negara lain.Kegiatan ekspor dan impor bisa berupa barang dan
jasa.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
C. Manfaat Kegiatan Ekspor dan
Impor</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
Kegiatan ekspor dan impor
melibatkan dua negara atau lebih. Kegiatan ini akan memberikan manfaat bagi
negara pengekspor maupun pengimpor. Beberapa manfaat yang diperoleh dari
kegiatan ekspor dan impor, antara lain : <br />
1. Barang produksi negara kita akan dikenal oleh negara lain,<br />
2. Membantu mencukupi kebutuhan negara lain,<br />
3. Meningkatkan devisa negara,<br />
4. Barang dari luar negeri dapat memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri,<br />
5. Bempererat hubungan ekonomi dan persahabatan antara negara-negara di dunia,
dan<br />
6. Meningkatkan produksi kedua negara.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 20.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumi
yang memotivasi Jurnalis warga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Baru saja
saya menyaksikan Sumi Yang membawakan Headline News di Metro TV, Jumat 10 Mei
2013, pukul 09.05. Sumi mewawancarai Fransiska Renata, reporter yang tengah
berada di lapangan untuk meliput perkembangan pengungkapan kasus terorisme. Wuih,
bahasa Indonesia Cik Sumi lancar sekali meskipun kita tahu Sumi Yang identik
dengan Metro Xinwen, program berita berbahasa Mandarin.</div>
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Mengapa saya
mengagumi Sumi Yang?</div>
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Tidak banyak
orang Tionghoa yang jadi wartawan. Dan, biasanya orang Tionghoa yang bahasa
Tionghoanya sangat lancar, cepat kayak air mengalir, logat bahasa Indonesianya
akan kental dengan Tionghoa. Contohnya Sugianto. Teman akrab saya di Surabaya
ini logat Indonesianya sudah nyaris hilang karena sejak SMP sekolah di Taiwan
sampai lulus S-2. Bahasa Indonesianya sih lancar-lancar saja, tapi nada-nada
Tiongkok tidak hilang. Itu pula yang terjadi dengan engkong-engkong Tionghoa
totok tempo doeloe yang sangat kesulitan mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Indonesia
atau bahasa Jawa saking kentalnya pengaruh bahasa ibu atau bahasa pertama.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Sumi Yang,
bagi saya, bakal menjadi tipe presenter berita televisi masa depan. Kulit jelas
bening, bahasa Inggris fasih, bahasa Indonesia sudah jelas, bahasa Mandarin
nyaris sama dengan penutur asli dari negeri Cungkuo sana. Saya sendiri merasa
jauh lebih lancar dalam bahasa Indonesia tulis ketimbang lisan. Saya pernah
bicara di depan kamera televisi… dan ternyata groginya setengah mati. Mati
kutu! Tidak tahu mau omong apa, padahal pertanyaan si reporter sangat mudah.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Nah, kembali
ke Sumi Yang. Sebagai penggemar budaya Tionghoa, bahkan ikut aktif di beberapa
komunitas Tionghoa, meskipun DNA dan kulit saya gelap layaknya orang Indonesia
Timur, rambut setengah keriting, saya mengapresiasi wanita asal Bagansiapiapi,
kota ikan di Sumatera, itu yang tak bosan-bosannya mengajak pemirsa televisi
untuk menjadi jurnalis warga. Kalau ada peristiwa (apa saja), jangan kehilangan
momentum. Potret. Ambil gambar pakai kamera besar, kamera kecil, bahkan kamera
ponsel.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt;">
Lalu, gali informasi, wawancarai
sumber yang berhubungan atau saksi mata. Lalu, kirim ke televisi atau bisa juga
ditayangkan di blog pribadi. Tentu saja, informasinya harus akurat dan bisa dipertanggungjawabkan.
“Kalian tidak perlu bakat, cukup kemauan yang tinggi. Saya pun sebenarnya tidak
punya bakat (jadi reporter atau presenter),” kata Sumi Yang kepada para
mahasiswa di Malang beberapa waktu lalu. Bagaimana dengan kemampuan berbahasa
asing? “Itu mutlak,” ujar perempuan
bernama lengkap Yang Jingling ini.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Bahasa
Inggris tetap nomor satu, kemudian bahasa Mandarin atau bahasa-bahasa asing
lain akan menjadi nilai tambah bagi anak-anak muda ketika bersaing di pasar
kerja. Makin lama standar penguasaan bahasa asing pun makin tinggi. Itu pula
sebabnya Sumi Yang bisa dengan mudah diterima bekerja di Metro TV karena
saingannya, yang fasih bahasa Mandarin layaknya Zhongguo ren (warga negara
Tiongkok), tidak ada.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Bab 4</div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Penutup </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
4.1. Kesimpulan</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Jadi
kesimpulan dari isi Karya Ilmiah ini adalah dimana Bahasa Mandarin sangatlah
penting dalam dunia kerja saat ini karena saat ini banyak sekali sekolah –
sekolah dan univeritas – universitas yang memberikan pengajaran tentang Bahasa
Mandarin.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
4.2. Saran </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
Supaya
pembaca dan penulis bisa dengan senang dan giat belajar Bahasa Mandarin dengan
baik dan benar agar kelak dapat membantu sesama dan juga bisa mendapatkan
pekerjaan yang baik. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
Daftar Pustaka </div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><a href="http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/29031/5/Chapter%20I.pdf">http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/29031/5/Chapter%20I.pdf</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><a href="http://www.haluankepri.com/sijori-xin-wen/8405-bahasa-mandarin-semakin-strategis.html">http://www.haluankepri.com/sijori-xin-wen/8405-bahasa-mandarin-semakin-strategis.html</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><a href="http://penerjemahtersumpah.biz/articles/21-peran-penerjemah-mandarin">http://penerjemahtersumpah.biz/articles/21-peran-penerjemah-mandarin</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><a href="http://ictkelompokblog.wordpress.com/materi/kegiatan-ekspor-dan-impor/">http://ictkelompokblog.wordpress.com/materi/kegiatan-ekspor-dan-impor/</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6;"><a href="http://media.kompasiana.com/new-media/2013/05/10/sumi-yang-memotivasi-jurnalis-warga--558909.html">http://media.kompasiana.com/new-media/2013/05/10/sumi-yang-memotivasi-jurnalis-warga--558909.html</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-67890288413777621612014-12-17T20:53:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:53:46.226-08:00REALISASI KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA DI LINGKUNGAN TERMINAL SENEN JAKARTA PUSAT<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
1<br />
PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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1.1. Latar Belakang<br />
<br />
Mendengar kata pedagang asongan, supir, kondektur, dan calo mungkin sudah tak
asing lagi di telinga kita. Pedagang asongan adalah para pedagang yang biasa
menjajakan dagangannya di sekitar terminal dan di dalam bus-bus. Mereka selalu
berupaya untuk menarik pembeli agar membeli dagangannya, yang kadang juga suka
terlihat sedikit memaksa. Supir adalah para pengemudi bus atau angkot yang
selalu terlihat di lingkungan terminal. Kondektur adalah orang yang membantu
supir untuk menarik penumpang ke dalam angkot atau bus, sedangkan calo adalah
perantara atau reseller. Kata calo kadang bersifat negatif karena apa yang calo
lakukan adalah menggunakan kesempitan orang menjadi suatu kesempatan. Calo juga
identik dengan preman atau penguasa daerah tertentu yang sudah menjadi objek
pencariannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Di lingkungan terminal, kita terkadang sering mendengar pembicaraan yang
diucapkan oleh pedagang asongan, supir, kondektur, dan calo yang sering
mengucapkan kata-kata kasar. Penulis sendiri pernah melihat bagaimana para
supir angkot atau bus dengan wajah ‘terpaksa’ memberi sejumlah persenan kepada
calo. Mungkin bagi sebagian orang hal yang dilakukan calo itu biasa saja,
sehingga mereka pantas menerima sejumlah uang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Lalu apa yang akan terjadi jika para supir dan kondektur tersebut tidak
memberikan uang yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginan calo. Yang terjadi
selanjutnya adalah teriakan kata-kata makian atau kata-kata kasar (sarkasme)
yang keluar dari mulut calo tersebut kepada supir dan kondektur. Sarkasme yang
keluar dari mulut calo-calo itu biasanya adalah nama-nama binatang dan jenis
kelamin seseorang seperti ‘anjing’, ‘monyet’, ‘babi’, dan sebagainya. Jika
supir tidak menerima perkataan yang dilontarkan calo kadang-kadang mereka pun
membalas dengan makian yang lebih kasar, sehingga sering terjadi “adu mulut”
antara calo, supir, dan kondektur. Hal ini juga sering diikuti oleh pedagang
asongan yang sering menambah suasana menjadi ricuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Salah satu fenomena kebahasaan yang penulis dapatkan adalah tuturan yang
diucapkan oleh salah satu calo dan supir angkot di Terminal Senen :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Supir : “Yeuh duitna, dua rebu nya?”<br />
Calo : “ Anjing maneh
mah ngan sakieu!”<br />
Supir : “ Terus mentana
sabaraha? Urang ge can nyetor, teu boga duit sia!”<br />
Calo : “ Mbung nyaho
aing mah, sarebu deui atuh!”<br />
Supir : “ Lebok tah duitna,
blegug maneh mah!”<br />
Calo : “Eh…dasar supir
monyet”.<br />
<br />
Fenomena kebahasaan di atas adalah penggalan beberapa kalimat realisasi
kesantunan berbahasa yang diucapkan oleh calo dan supir angkot di Terminal
Senen Jakarta Pusat. Penulis akan meneliti fenomena kebahasaan yang terjadi
pada tiga bahasa, yaitu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa Sunda, bahasa Jawa , dan
bahasa Indonesia. Banyak hal yang membuat kata-kata kasar keluar dari
pemakainya. Sarkasme itu sendiri kadang bisa memancing kemarahan orang yang
dituju, tapi kadang juga tidak berpengaruh karena itu sudah menjadi hal yang
lumrah untuk keduanya. <b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari sudut penuturnya,
bahasa itu berfungsi personal atau pribadi (Halliday 1973; Finnocchiaro 1974;
Jakobson 1960 menyebutkan fungsi emotif). Maksudnya, si penutur menyatakan
sikap terhadap apa yang dituturkannya. Si penutur bukan hanya mengungkapkan
emosi lewat bahasa, tetapi juga memperlihatkan emosi itu sewaktu menyampaikan
tuturannya. Dalam hal ini pihak si pendengar juga dapat menduga apakah si
penutur sedih, marah, atau gembira.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Dilihat dari segi pendengar atau lawan bicara, maka bahasa itu berfungsi
direktif, yaitu mengatur tingkah laku pendengar (Finnocchiaro 1974; Halliday 1973
menyebutkan fungsi instrumental; dan Jakobson 1960 menyebutkan fungsi
retorikal). Disini bahasa itu tidak hanya membuat si pendengar melakukan
sesuatu, tetapi melakukan kegiatan yang sesuai dengan yang dimaui si pembicara.
Hal ini dapat dilakukan si penutur dengan menggunakan kalimat-kalimat yang
menyatakan perintah, imbauan, permintaan maupun rayuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Bila dilihat dari segi kontak antara penutur dan pendengar maka bahasa disini
berfungsi fatik (Jakobson 1960; Finnocchiaro 1974 menyebutkan interpersonal;
dan Halliday 1973 menyebutkan interactional), yaitu fungsi menjadi hubungan,
memelihara, memperlihatkan perasaan bersahabat, atau solidaritas nasional.<br />
Dalam masyarakat, bahasa yang digunakan dalam berkomunikasi sangat beragam.
Terjadinya keragaman atau kevariasian bahasa ini bukan hanya disebabkan oleh
para penuturnya yang tidak homogen, tetapi juga karena interaksi
sosial yang mereka lakukan beragam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Menurut Moeliono (1980:17), mengikuti Quirk, Grenbaum, Leech, Svarvik (1972),
ditinjau dari sudut pandangan penuturnya, ragam dapat diperinci menurut patokan
daerah, pendidikan, dan sikap penutur.<br />
Sarkasme adalah sejenis majas yang mengandung mengolok-olok atau sindiran pedas
dengan menyakiti hati (Purwadarminta dalam Tarigan, 1990:92). Apabila
dibandingkan dengan ironi dan sinisme, maka sarkasme ini lebih kasar. Menurut
Badudu (1975:78), sarkasme adalah gaya sindiran terkasar. Memaki orang dengan
kata-kata kasar dan tak sopan di telinga. Biasanya diucapkan oleh orang yang
sedang marah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Berbahasa adalah aktivitas sosial. Seperti aktivitas sosial lainnya, kegiatan
bahasa bisa terwujud apabila manusia terlibat di dalamnya. Di dalam berbicara,
pembicara dan lawan bicara sama-sama menyadari bahwa ada kaidah-kaidah yang
mengatur tindakannya, penggunaan bahasanya, dan interpretasi-interpretasinya
terhadap tindakan dan ucapan lawan bicaranya. Setiap peserta tindak ucap
bertanggung jawab terhadap tindakan dan penyimpangan terhadap kaidah kebahasaan
di dalam interaksi sosial itu (Alan dalam Wijana, 2004:28).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam berbahasa juga terdapat
etika komunikasi, dan di dalam etika komunikasi itu sendiri terdapat moral.
Moral mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan kesusilaan yang memuat ajaran
tentang baik dan buruknya perbuatan. Jadi, perbuatan itu dinilai sebagai perbuatan
yang baik atau buruk (Burhanudin Salam, 2001:102).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Etika juga bisa diartikan sebagai ilmu yang membicarakan masalah perbuatan atau
tingkah laku manusia, mana yang dinilai baik dan mana yang jahat. Etika sendiri
juga sering digunakan dengan kata moral, susila, budi pekerti dan akhlak
(Burhanudin Salam, 2001:102).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Sementara itu, secara sederhana Prof. I. R. Poedjowijatna (1986), mengatakan
bahwa sasaran etika khusus kepada tindakan-tindakan manusia yang dilakukan
secara sengaja. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa realisasi kesantunan
berbahasa di lingkungan terminal banyak yang tidak mengandung etika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam berkomunikasi, tidak akan
pernah lepas dengan adanya pola berbahasa yang diucapkan kasar, baik berupa
mengolok-olok atau sindiran yang menyakitkan hati. Seperti tuturan yang
diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur tidak mengandung
unsur kesantunan berbahasa. Misalnya, mudah marah, kata-katanya kasar, dan
bersifat memaksa saat meminta uang karena mereka merasa penguasa tempat
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Suparno menjelaskan dalam artikelnya, bahwa ragam bahasa yang tidak santun ini
menjadi hal yang lazim diucapkan. Sarkasisasi tersebut justru menjadikan
keakraban tanpa sekat strata, sehingga mereka yang menggunakan ragam bahasa
tersebut dapat menikmatinya dengan senang dan bangga hati. <u>Skripsi Bahasa
Indonesia dan Sastra</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Fenomena kebahasaan ini tentu saja menarik untuk diteliti karena dapat menambah
wawasan keilmuan linguistik saat ini. Penulis memilih analisis kesantunan
berbahasa pada tuturan orang-orang penghuni terminal berdasarkan pertimbangan
bahwa; ragam bahasa yang kasar kerap kali menjadi instrumen komunikasi dalam
pergaulan sebagian masyarakat Indonesia. Baik kalangan yang berpendidikan
maupun yang tidak berpendidikan, karena penelitian mengenai kesantunan
berbahasa ini masih jarang dilakukan, maka penulis tertarik untuk menelitinya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1. 2. Identifikasi Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang diidentifikasi dari
penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: <b>Skripsi Bahasa Indonesia dan Sastra</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">wujud
ragam bahasa yang dipakai oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa
yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur banyak yang
tidak santun;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ragam
bahasa yang tidak sepantasnya diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan
kondektur dan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyimpangan-penyimpangan
prinsip kesopanan yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan
kondektur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. 3. Batasan
Masalah .<br />
Masalah yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini hanya terbatas pada hal-hal
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tuturan
calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur yang tidak mengandung kesantunan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ragam
bahasa yang tidak sepantasnya diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan
kondektur;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penyimpangan-penyimpangan
prinsip kesopanan yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan
kondektur di terminal angkot/bus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. 4. Rumusan Masalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bagaimana
realisasi kesantunan berbahasa di lingkungan terminal?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa
sajakah wujud ragam bahasa yang tidak santun yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang
asongan, supir, dan kondektur?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
penyimpangan prinsip kesopanan yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan,
supir, dan kondektur?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagaimana
persepsi penyimak bahasa yang berasal dari luar lingkungan terminal terhadap
realisasi kesantunan berbahasa di lingkungan terminal?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. 5. Tujuan<br />
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mendeskripsikan
kesantunan berbahasa oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur di
lingkungan terminal;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk
mencari tahu ragam bahasa yang digunakan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir,
dan kondektur di lingkungan terminal;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mendeskripsikan
penyimpangan prinsip kesopanan yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan,
supir, dan kondektur di lingkungan terminal dan;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengetahui
persepsi penyimak bahasa di luar lingkungan terminal terhadap kesantunan
berbahasa calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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1. 6. Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat yang diharapkan dari
penelitian ini sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
kajian linguistik, hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya data
tentang penelitian bahasa-bahasa kasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mendokumetasikan nilai-nilai kesantunan yang dituturkan
di lingkungan terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">METODE
DAN TEKNIK PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
2. 1. Metode Penelitian<br />
<br />
Latar belakang dan masalah yang muncul dalam penelitian ini adalah
masalah-masalah faktual. Maksudnya, masalah kesantunan berbahasa adalah masalah
yang sedang dihadapi oleh pemakai bahasa Indonesia sekarang. Penelitian ini
menggunakan analisis kualitatif bersifat deskriptif. Data yang dihasilkannya
berupa kata-kata dan kalimat-kalimat yang termasuk kategori sarkasme yang
diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur di lingkungan
terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Istilah deskriptif itu menyarankan bahwa penelitian yag dilakukan semata-mata
hanya berdasarkan pada fakta-fakta yang ada atau fenomena yang memang secara
empiris hidup pada penutur-penuturnya, sehingga yang dihasilkan atau yang
dicatat berupa perian bahasa yang biasa dikatakan sifatnya seperti potret:
paparan seperti adanya. Bahwa perian yang deskriptif itu tidak mempertimbangkan
benar salahnya penggunaaan bahasa oleh penutur-penuturnya, hal itu merupakan
cirinya yang pertama dan terutama (Sudaryanto : 1992:62).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dalam hal ini penulis membuat deskripsi tentang bagaimana tuturan yang
digunakan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur. Selain itu,
penulis juga mengumpulkan fakta-fakta mengenai respons para penutur bahasa
Indonesia yang tidak menggunakan tuturan sarkasme yang diucapkan oleh calo,
pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur. Dengan demikian, dari kedua fakta
tersebut di atas dapat diperoleh persepsi yang muncul dari penutur bahasa
Indonesia ketika menerima suatu tuturan sarkasme calo, pedagang asongan, supir
dan kondektur tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode penelitian deskriptif
kualitatif dipilih karena penulis mengidentifikasi serta mendeskripsikan
masalah-masalah yang berkenaan dengan tuturan yang tidak santun dan respons
penutur melalui wawancara. Selanjutnya, penulis memperoleh data bagaimana
persepsi yang muncul dari para penutur bahasa Indonesia ketika menerima tuturan
yang tidak santun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. 2. Teknik Penelitian<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. 2. 1. Teknik Pengumpulan Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, teknik rekam,
dan teknik catat. Penulis terlebih dahulu mengobservasi dengan mengamati
situasi dan keadaan lingkungan, kemudian melakukan wawancara kepada calo,
pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur dengan melakukan wawancara berstruktur
untuk mendapatkan informasi yang relevan. Selanjutnya, dengan teknik rekam
penulis merekam kejadian faktual di lapangan. Terakhir langkah dilakukan dengan
teknik catat, yaitu mencatat semua kejadian dari tuturan calo, pedagang
asongan, supir, dan kondektur di Terminal Senen Jakarta Pusat.<br />
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Selanjutnya, proses pengumpulan data sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Teknik Rekam<br />
Penulis meminta bantuan kepada teman yang berada di Jakarta Pusat menggunakan
telepon genggam atau handphone untuk merekam tuturan yang diucapkan oleh calo,
pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur, sehingga penulis akan mendapatkan data
mengenai realisasi kesantunan berbahasa yang ada di lingkungan terminal,
khususnya Terminal Senen Jakarta Pusat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Teknik Catat<br />
hasil dari proses rekaman tuturan tersebut kemudian ditranskripsi beserta
konteks yang dituturkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur.
Setelah itu, akan didapatkan data tentang wujud ragam bahasa yang tidak santun
yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan kondektur di lingkungan
terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Teknik
Observasi<br />
setelah data tertulis didapat, selanjutnya mengobservasi situasi dan keadaan
lingkungan terminal. Melalui teknik ini kita akan mendapatkan data tentang
penyimpangan prinsip kesopanan yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan,
supir, dan kondektur yang ada di lingkungan terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Teknik
Wawancara<br />
setelah hasilnya ditranskripsi selanjutnya dengan mewawancarai calo, pedagang
asongan, supir, dan kondektur. Selain itu, penulis juga mewawancarai penutur
bahasa yang bertutur kata sopan dan santun sehingga akan diketahui persepsi
penyimak bahasa terhadap realisasi kesantunan berbahasa yang berasal dari luar
lingkungan terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANALISIS
DATA TUTURAN LANGSUNG BERBAHASA DI LINGKUNGAN TERMINAL DAN RESPONS PARA PENUTUR
BAHASA INDONESIA SERTA PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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3. 1. Pengantar<br />
<br />
Pada bab ini akan dibahas bagaimana tuturan langsung dan pelanggaran prinsip kesopanan
yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, kondektur, dan supir angkot yang
berada di lingkungan terminal, serta bagaimana respons penutur bahasa Indonesia
terhadap kesantunan berbahasa dari hasil wawancara. Kartu data untuk
menganalisis tuturan-tuturan yang terjadi di lingkungan terminal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Uraian ini menggambarkan analisis tuturan langsung yang diucapkan oleh
calo, pedagang asongan, kondektur, dan supir ditinjau dari kesantunan
berbahasa, prinsip kesopanan (Leech) dan respons para penutur bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dalam mengumpulkan data penulis harus terjun langsung ke lapangan, yaitu daerah
Terminal Senen Jakarta Pusat. Selama beberapa hari penulis mengamati kejadian
yang ada di lingkungan terminal tersebut. Tuturan-tuturan yang diucapkan oleh
orang-orang yang berada di lingkungan terminal terutama calo, pedagang asongan,
supir dan kondektur, hanyalah tuturan yang mengandung kategori ketidaksantunan
berbahasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hampir sebagian besar tuturan yang
diucapkan oleh mereka adalah tuturan kasar, sangat tidak enak didengar, dan
melanggar Prinsip Kesantunan Leech. Banyak hal yang menjadi penyebab mengapa
orang-orang di terminal menuturkan tuturan kasar tersebut. Untuk itu dalam bab
4 ini penulis akan menganalisis tuturan kasar yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang
asongan, supir dan kondektur yang melanggar prinsip sopan santun (Leech), dan
respons para penutur bahasa Indonesia mengenai tuturan kasar di lingkungan
terminal tersebut.<br />
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<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. 2. Prinsip Kesantunan Leech<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Berbicara tidak selamanya berkaitan dengan masalah yang bersifat tekstual,
tetapi seringkali pula berhubungan dengan persoalan yang bersifat
interpersonal. Prinsip Kesantunan memiliki sejumlah maksim, yakni maksim
kebijaksanaan, maksim penerimaan, maksim kemurahan, maksim kerndahan hati,
maksim kecocokan dan maksim kesimpatian. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pada keenam maksim di atas terdapat bentuk ujaran yang digunakan untuk
mengekspresikannya. Bentuk-bentuk ujaran yang dimaksud adalah bentuk ujaran
impositif, komisif, ekspresif, dan asertif. Bentuk ujaran komisif adalah bentuk
ujaran yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan janji atau penawaran. Ujaran impositif
adalah ujaran yang digunakan untuk menyatakan perintah atau suruhan. Ujaran
ekspresif adalah ujaran yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sikap psikologis
pembicara terhadap sesuatu keadaan. Ujaran asertif adalah ujaran yang lazim
digunakan untuk menyatakan kebenaran proposisi yang diungkapkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Berikut ini penulis akan menganalisis tuturan langsung ketidaksantunan
berbahasa di lingkungan terminal oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir, dan
kondektur. Tuturan yang dianalisis hanyalah tuturan yang melanggar prinsip
kesantunan Leech.<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. 2. 1. Pelanggaran Maksim
Kebijaksanaan<br />
Bijaksana adalah suatu sifat atau karakter. Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
(KBBI), bijaksana diartikan sebagai sifat yang selalu menggunakan akal budi,
arif, adil, kecakapan dalam menghadapi atau memecahkan suatu masalah.<br />
Tuntunan-tuntunan untuk bertutur bijaksana agar tercipta hubungan antara diri
(penutur) dan lain (petutur), dipaparkan dalam ilmu bahasa Pragmatik. Gagasan
untuk bertutur santun itu dikemukakan oleh Leech dalam maksim kebijaksanaan,
yang mengharuskan peserta tutur agar senantiasa berpegang teguh untuk selalu
mengurangi keuntungan dirinya sendiri dan memaksimalkan pihak lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dalam konteks tuturan sehari-hari yang spontan, banyak kita jumpai pelanggaran
terhadap maksim ini, baik disengaja ataupun tidak disengaja. Seperti tuturan di
bawah ini:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
IV<br />
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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4. 1. Kesimpulan<br />
Setelah melakukan analisis terhadap tuturan langsung di lingkungan terminal dan
respons penutur bahasa di luar lingkungan terminal, penulis menarik beberapa
simpulan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuturan
yang ada di lingkungan terminal khususnya di Terminal Senen Jakarta Pusat yang
dituturkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir dan kondektur semuanya tidak
mengandung unsur kesantunan berbahasa dan melanggar Prinsip Kesantunan Leech.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wujud
ragam bahasa yang tidak santun yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan,
supir dan kondektur sangatlah kasar. Seperti misalnya terdapat nama-nama
binatang yang sering diucapkan oleh mereka. Wujud ragam bahasa tersebut sangat
tidak enak didengar, menyakitkan hati, bicara dengan kepahitan, mengolok-olok
atau sindiran dan mengandung celaan getir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyimpangan
prinsip kesopanan yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir dan
kondektur melanggar maksim kebijaksanaan, maksim penerimaan, maksim kemurahan,
maksim kerendahan hati, maksim kecocokan dan maksim kesimpatian. Pelanggaran
terbesar ada pada maksim kebijaksanaan. Maksim kebijaksanaan ini menggariskan
setiap peserta pertuturan untuk meminimalkan kerugian orang lain dan
memaksimalkan keuntungan bagi orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi
penutur bahasa di luar lingkungan terminal seperti guru, mahasiswa, karyawan
swasta dan ustadz beranggapan bahwa tuturan yang ada di lingkungan terminal
sebagian besar adalah tuturan kasar. Menurut mereka yang menjadi latar belakang
penutur mengucapkan tuturan kasar adalah latar pendidikan yang rendah,
lingkungan yang memungkinkan mereka untuk bertutur kasar dan landasan iman yang
kurang kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tuturan
kasar yang diucapkan oleh calo, pedagang asongan, supir dan kondektur yang
melanggar Prinsip Kesantunan Leech ternyata sudah menjadi bahasa sehari-hari
yang mereka ucapkan jika berada di lingkungan terminal, namun jika mereka
berada di luar lingkungan terminal mereka tidak menuturkan tuturan kasar
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor
yang menjadi penyebab calo, pedagang asongan, supir dan kondektur menuturkan
tuturan kasar adalah faktor lingkungan dan faktor social. Faktor lingkungan
timbul karena perbedaan asal daerah penuturnya. Maksudnya mereka menuturkan
tuturan kasar tersebut karena memang lingkungan yang mereka hadapi menerima dan
tidak terlalu peduli dan situasinya memang mendukung untuk mengucapkannya.
Sedangkan faktor sosial timbul karena perbedaan kelas sosial penuturnya karena
para penghuni yang bekerja di lingkungan terminal sebagian besar memang status
sosialnya rendah dan latar belakang pendidikan mereka juga rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. 2. Saran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dan simpulan yang telah penulis kemukakan di
atas, pada bagian ini penulis mengemukakan beberapa saran sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulis
berharap ada penelitian lanjutan yang lebih spesifik terhadap realisasi
kesantunan berbahasa di lingkungan terminal, dengan kajian yang menarik, sample
yang lebih besar, dan teknik analisis yang lebih mendalam untuk mendapatkan
hasil kajian yang sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seiring
dengan masih jarangnya penelitian mengenai kesantunan berbahasa, maka
penelitian ini perlu mendapatkan perhatian dari para ahli bahasa. Terutama
pihak yang berwenang dalam bidang ini mampu memberikan bantuan demi melancarkan
penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agar
dalam melakukan penelitian secara langsung ke lapangan penulis diberikan
kemudahan dalam mendapatkan data dari sumber yang dituju.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berharap
jika ada penelitian lanjutan, peneliti selanjutnya lebih berani mengungkapkan
fakta-fakta yang sebenarnya terjadi di lapangan, tidak terpaku pada apa yang
dilihat dan didengar saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Alwasilah, A. Chaedar (2003). Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta : PT. Dunia Pustaka
Jaya dan Pustaka Studi Sunda.<br />
Chaer, Abdul. 1994. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta.<br />
Hanafi, Abdillah. 1984. Memahami Komunikasi Antar Manusia. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.<br />
Hasan, Alwi. 1995. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.<br />
Harras, Kholid A. Santun Berbahasa. Bandung : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.<br />
_______. ____. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). Jakarta : Balai Pustaka.<br />
_______. 2009. Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD TERBARU
(Permendiknas Nomor 46 Tahun 2009). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Timur.<br />
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 2001. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-61074977678090533352014-12-17T20:51:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:51:58.915-08:00ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN KALIMAT “BEI” BAHASA MANDARIN PADA MURID- MURID INDONESIA DI CHONGQING NORMAL UNIVERSITY <br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1 Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Semakin berkembangnya zaman dan
perekonomian dunia, dengan berkembang pesatnya perekonomian dan perindustrian
di Tiongkok menyebabkan sekarang ini banyak murid- murid Indonesia yang mencoba
untuk melakukan kerjasama dan bisnis dengan pengusaha- pengusaha atau beberapa
perusahaan disana. Hal itu tentu saja dapat dilakukan dengan baik jika ada
‘bahasa yang sama’, dimana murid- murid Indonesia harus mengerti bahasa
mandarin dan mampu berkomunikasi dengan baik sehingga kerjasama pun dapat
terjalin. Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, bahasa mandarin pun tidak terasa
telah menjadi bahasa kedua yang paling banyak diminati orang- orang di seluruh
dunia termasuk di Indonesia.Banyak orang mulai mempelajari bahasa mandarin baik
dalam bidang bisnis maupun pendidikan.Tetapi murid- murid Indonesia menemukan
banyak kesulitan dalam mempelajari bahasa ini. Ini dikarenakan mandarin adalah
bahsa yang kompleks, hubungan antara bahasa Tionghoa lisan dan tertulis cukup
kompleks – kompleksitas hubungan ini makin dipersulit dengan adanya bermacam-
macam variasi bahasa Tionghoa lisan yang telah melewati evolusi selama berabad-
abad sejak setidaknya zaman akhir dinasti Han.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hal ini membuat orang- orang yang
mempelajari bahasa mandarin merasa kesulitan dalam menguasai bahasa tersebut,
mungkin mempelajari bahasa mandarin akan lebih mudah bagi orang- orang etnis
Tionghoa di Indonesia, karena banyak keluarga etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia yang
masih mempunyai kebudayaan berbahasa mandarin yang sangat kental. Keadaan
Indonesia tidaklah seperti sekarang ini dimana banyak sekolah di Indonesia
mulai mengajar bahasa mandarin pada sekolah dasar bahkan telah menjadikan
pelajaran bahasa mandarin sebagai mata pelajaran pokok dalam kurikulum
sekolahnya, dan juga menggunakan bahasa mandarin sebagai bahasa pengantar dalam
proses belajar mengajarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Murid-
murid Indonesia memiliki banyak kesulitan dalam mempelajari bahasa yang
kompleks ini, karena ada banyak perbedaan pada tata bahasa, pelafalan,
penggunaan kalimat dan lain sebagainya.Begitu juga dengan kalimat “bei”,
kalimat “bei” merupakan kalimat yang kompleks dan mempunyai lingkupan luas.
Murid- murid di Indonesia pada umumnya menganggap mempelajari kalimat “bei” itu
mudah, karena kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin dan kalimat “bei” bahasa Indonesia
memiliki cara penggunaan yang relative sama. Banyak murid- murid di Indonesia
yang telah memahami bagaimana cara menggunakan kalimat “bei” yang benar, tetapi
juga masih membuat banyak kesalahan dalam tata bahasa, ini membuat kalimat
“bei” dijadikan sebagai titik fokus dan titik sulit dalam proses pembelajaran
dan pemahaman bahsa mandarin. Dengan ini, penulis menulis tentang “Analisis
Kesalahan Kalimat “Bei” pada murid- murid di Chongqing Normal University” untuk
mengetahui jenis- jenis kesalahan kalimat “bei” bahsa mandarin yang ditemukan
pada proses belajar murid- murid Indonesia di Chongqing Normal University,
mengetahui penyebabnya serta mengetahui cara untuk menanggulangi serta
mengurangi adanya kesalahan- kesalahan tersebut. Dengan begitu, diharapkan
skripsi ini dapat menjadi referensi bagi guru- guru bahasa mandarin yang ada di
Indonesia dan juga untuk murid- murid Indonesia yang sedang mempelajari bahasa
mandarin agar lebih memperhatikan serta mengerti apa yang harus diperhatikan
dalam proses pembelajaran untuk hasil pemahaman yang lebih baik lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2 Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas,
penulis mendapati beberapa rumusan masalah yang akan dipecahkan di dalam karya
ilmiah ini, diantaranya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Apa jenis kesalahan kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin yang sering dilakukan oleh
murid- murid Indonesia yang ada di
Chongqing Normal University?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Apa factor penyebab adanya kesalahan- kesalahan kelimat “bei” bahasa mandarin
tersebut?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3 Tujuan Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tujuan dari penulisan tugas akhir
ini adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Mengetahui keslaahan- kesalahan kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin yang ada dalam
proses belajar murid- murid Indonesia yang berda di Chongqing Normal
University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. Mengetahui factor-faktor apa saja
yang menyebabkan terjadinya kesalahan- kesalahan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.4 Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan selesainya pembuatan karya
ilmiah ini, diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi seluruh pembacanya baik penulis
sendiri. Manfaat Penilitian Analisis Kesalahan Kalimat “Bei” pada murid- murid
Indonesia di Chongqing Normal University, adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
Pembaca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hasil penelitian ini dpaat menjadi
pemahaman baru tentang kesalahan- kesalahan yang ditemukan dalam proses belajar
kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin pada murid- murid di Indonesia serta faktor-
faktor penyebabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagi
Penulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dapat menjadi pembelajaran bagi penulis untuk
menerapkan cara mengajar yang benar dan efektif untuk mengurangi dan mencegah
adanya kesalahan- kesalahan yanv ada pada umumnya serta dapat menjadi suatu
dorongan bagi penulis untuk belajar bahasa mandarin dan bahsa Indonesia lebih
dalam lagi untuk mempersiapkan diri di dunia kerja nanti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penulis melakukan penelitian dan
analisa terhadap pelajar- pelajar Indonesia yang mempelajari bahasa mandarin
minimal 1 (satu) tahun di Chongqing Normal University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Penulis menggunakan kuesioner dan
metode wawancara dalam proses penelitian dan analisa kesalahan- kesalahan ini
yang diharapkan dapat mempermudah proses penelitian sehingga lebih mempunyai
sifat persuasif didalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LANDASAN TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1 Review Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Analisis Kesalahan kalimat “Bei” bahasa mandarin pada murid- murid Indonesia di
Chongqing Normal University<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu menempatkan peletakkan kata kalimat dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu menggunakan dalam teori maupun komunikasi dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Terampil dalam penggunaannya dalam kehidupan sosial <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Analisis Kesalahan dalam Penggunaan Kata Keterangan “Zai” dan “You” pada
Mahasiswa Prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu membedakan penggunaan kata yang yang tepat dalam situasi kalimat tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu menggunakan kata keterangan dalam teori maupun lisan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Efektifitas Metode Drill dan Role- Playing Terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin
pada Siswa Kelas 4 SD YPPI 2 Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu mengahafal lafal mandarin dengan mudah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Memudahkan dalam proses pembelajaran para siswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mengganti sistem belajar mandarin menjadi tidak monoton sehingga memudahkan
pembelajaran para siswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Penggunaan Metode Permainan untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Pembelajaran Menulis Huruf
Bahasa Mandarin pada Siswa kelas 1B SD Little Sun Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu berbicara dengan lafal yang benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Terampil dalam membaca sebuah konten kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Terampil dalam menulis mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Terampil dalam mendengar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Analisis Penggunaan Kata “Shi” dalam Kalimat Positif, Kalimat Negatif, dan
Kalimat Tanya pada Siswa Kelas 8A SMP Katolik Santa Agnes Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu meletakkan kata dalam kalimat dengan benar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu menggunakan dengan benar baik dalam teori maupu lisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-
Mampu membedakan penggunaan dalam berbagai situasi kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2 Pembelajaran Bahasa Asing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewasa
ini bahasa asing semakin berhasil menarik minat berbagai kalangan, mulai dari
anak- anak sampai orang dewasa untuk mempelajarinya.Belajar bahasa sebenarnya
tidak sulit, yang dibutuhkan adalah kemauan, ketekunan dan praktik.Dalam
mempelajari bahasa asing, pembelajar perlu menguasai empat keterampilan dasar,
seperti keterampilan mendengar, berbicara, membaca, menulis, dimana
keterampilan- keterampilan ini perlu dilakukan secara terus- menerus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3 Konsep Dasar Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pembelajaran tidak diartikan sebagai
sesuatu yang statis, melainkan suatu konsep yang bisa berkembang seirama dengan
tuntutan kebutuhan hasil pendidikan yang berkaitan dengan kemajuan ilmu dan
teknologi yang melekat pada wujud perkembangan kualitas sumber daya
manusia.Dengan demikian, pengertian pembelajaran yang berkaitan dengan sekolah
ialah “Kemampuan dalam mengelola secara operasional dan efisien terhadap
komponen- komponen yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran, sehingga menghasilkan
nilai tambah terhadap komponen tersebut menurut standar yang berlaku. Adapun
komponen yang berkaitan dengan sekolah dalam <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rangka
peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran, antara lain adalah guru, siswa, Pembina
sekolah, sarana dan proses pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.4 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Melalui Pembahasan diatas dapat
disimpulkan bahwa suatu pembelajaran yang berhasil dapat dilihat melalui:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1. Lulusan sekolah relevan dengan kebutuhan
masyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. Nilai akhir sebagai salah satu
nilai ukur terhadap prestasi belajar siswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3. Presentase lulusan yang dicapai
semaksimal mungkin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 4. Penampilan kemampuan dalam semua
komponen pendidikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB
3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1 Hasil Analisis Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah data hasil kuesioner dan
wawancara telah tersusun dan terkumpul, kegiatan selanjutnya adalh pengolahan
data itu sendiri. Dimana penulis mengelompokkan jenis-jenis pertanyaan yang ada
dengan jawaban- jawaban yang diberikan oleh 25 murid sebagai peserta kuesioner
dan wawancara menjadi 2 golongan kesalahan besar dan 5 kesalahan detail, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Kesalahan lalai menambahkan kata kerja predikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Kesalahan lalai menambahkan unsur lain dibelakang predikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Kesalahan urutan kata keterangan dalam kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Kesalahan penggunaan kata kerja intransitive sebagai predikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Kesalahan penggunaan kata sifat predikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelab itu penulis mengelompokkan jawaban-
jawaban yang sudah terjawab, menghitung persentase kesalahan yang ada serta
dengan tujuan supaya penulis mengetahui apa yang dipikirkan 25 murid tersebut
pada saat menemukan kalimat- kalimat yang tersedia. Dengan begitu, penulis
dapat menyimpulkan apa factor yang menyebabkan terjadinya kesalahan tersebut.
Data penelitian yang dianalisis disajikan dalam proses dan penyajian data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.1 Tanggapan Murid- murid
Mengenai Kalimat “Bei”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Murid- murid menganggap bahwa
kalimat “bei” adalah kalimat yang cukup digunakan dalam percakapan mereka
sehari- hari. Pada saat penulis mewawancarai mereka, penulis mendapati bahwa
100% murid- murid yang diwawancarai tersebut sudah pernah mempelajari kalimat
“bei” bahasa mandarin sebelumnya, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">beberapa
dari mereka juga dapat memberikan perbedaan- perbedaan serta persamaan-
persamaan yang mereka ketahui tentang kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin dan kalimat
“bei” bahasa Indonesia.Disini membuktikan bahwa mereka sudah mempunyai dasar
dalam pembelajaran kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin. Mereka menjawab bahwa kalimat
“bei” bahasa mandarin dan bahasa Indonesia memiliki beberapa persamaan dan
perbedaan yang cukup mencolok, sehingga mereka menganggap bahwa kalimat “bei”
bahasa mandarin agak gampang- gampang susah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1.2 Faktor- factor Penyebab
Kesalahan Kalimat “Bei”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Alasan kesalahan tata bahasa kalimat “bei”
dalam proses belajar kalimat “bei” mandarin pada murid- murid di Indonesia.
Bagi murid- murid Indonesia, pengaruh paling besar dalam mempelajari bahasa mandarin
ada pengaruh dari bahasa target, dan juga factor- factor pengaruh dari
interbahasa. Dibawah ini adalah beberapa hasil analisis dan alasan- alas an
serta factor- factor mengapa murid Indonesia banyak melakukan dalam tata bahasa
kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I.
Faktor Pengajaran yang salah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Di dalam factor bidang pengajaran,
guru kurang relevan dan objektif dalam menjelaskan pelajaran juga merupakan
alas an mengapa murid- murid di Indonesia masih banyak membuat kesalahan-
kesalahan tata bahasa kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin. Misalnya pada saat
menjelaskan tentang kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin, guru tidak melakukan latihan
memori murid- murid dalam mengingat bentuk kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin, hal
ini dapat menyebabkan murid- murid tersebut sering lalai menambahkan beberapa
unsur serta salah dalam mengurutkan urutan kalimat sesuai dengan struktur tata
bahasa yang ada. Kurang jelasnya penjelasan tentang aturan- aturan yang ada
dalam bentuk kalimat “bei” bahsa mandarin, operasi dan latihan dalam kelas yang
masih kurang, serta guru tidak menjelaskan dengan benar dalam situasi apa
seharusnya menggunakan kalimat “bei” dan dalam situasi apa seharusnya tidak
boleh menggunakannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentu
saja kesalahan- kesalahan yang muncul pada proses belajar mengajar cukup sulit
untuk dihindari, tetapi menurut pembelajar, dalam proses mempelajari kalimat
“bei” bahasa mandarin, menitikberatkan dalam aturan- aturan dan poin- poin
penting kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin sangatlah penting dan sangat membantu
dalam proses pemahaman mereka. Sehingga kesalahan dalam cara menjelaskan yang
digunakan oleh guru juga merupakan salah satu factor timbulnya beberapa
kesalahan yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II.
Kompleksitas dari Kalimat “Bei” Bahasa Mandarin Sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bahasa mandarin adalah bahasa yang
sangat kompleks dalam aturan penggunaan, cara baca, tata bahasa, dan lain-
lain. Hal ini seringkali membuat murid-murid merasakan kesulitan yang cukup
besar dalam mempelajarinya, diantaranya adalah pada saat mempelajari kalimat
“bei” bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah diadakannya kuesioner dan wawancara,
penulis pada akhirnya dapat menyimpulkan penggunaan kalimat “bei” bahasa
mandarin dan bahasa Indonesia sehingga dapat dilihat perbedaan- perbedaan yang
cukup menyolok antara kedua bahsa tersebut, juga dapat mengetahui jenis- jenis
kesalahan apa yang sering ditemukan dalam proses pembelajaran kalimat “bei”
bahasa mandarin pada murid- murid di Indonesia. Setelah itu, dengan
menggabungkan kesimpulan kuesioner, penulis melakukan proses wawancara terhadap
murid- murid, dari hasil wawancara tersebut, penulis akhirnya dapat
menyimpulkan dan menggolongkan factor- factor penyebab kesalahan yang mereka
masing- masing lakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dari analisa kesalahan yang ada di karya
ilmiah ini, kita mendapati bahwa terdapat 2 jenis kesalahan besar yang
ditemukan dan 5 kesalahan detail didalamnya, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Kesalahan lalai menambahkan predikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Kesalah lalai menambahkan unsur lain dibelakang predikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Kesalahan urutan kata keterangan dalam kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.
Kesalahan penggunaan kata kerja intransitive sebagai predikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.
Kesalahan menggunakan kata sifat sebagai predikat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dan adapun factor- factor yang
penulis temukan adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Faktor kompleksitas dari kalimat “bei” Bahasa mandarin itu sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Faktor cara pengajaran yang kurang tepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2
Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Karya ilmiah ini dibuat dengan
mensurvey dan menganalisa beberapa kesalahan murid- murid Indonesia dalam
penggunaan kalimat “bei” bahsa mandarin dan factor- factor penyebabnya, setelah
itu penulis selanjutnya memberikan beberapa usulan dan saran untuk mencegah
atau mengurangi terjadinya kesalahan- kesalahan tersebut dengan cara objektif
dan subjektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Mengenal dan Menguasai Pengetahuan Dasar dan Keunikan Kalimat “bei” Bahasa
Mandarin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ingin menjadi seorang guru bahasa
mandarin, tugas yang paling utama adalah harus menguasai tata bahasa yang tepat
dan benar serta menguasai pengetahuan- pengetahuan dassar bahasa mandarin
terlebih dahulu. Ada beberapa guru bahasa mandarin yang masih belum menguasai
aturan- aturan dasar dari kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin, bentuk kalimat serta
keunikan- keunikannya, sehingga mengajar teori- teori yang kurang tepat kepada
murid- murid, sehingga mereka juga melakukan dan membuat kesalahan- kesalahan
yang serupa. Guru- guru bahasa mandarin di Indonesia akan lebih baik jika
mengerti bentuk kalimat- kalimat dasar bahasa Indonesia juga, mengerti tata
bahasa, cara pemakaian dan perbedaan arti dari kalimat “bei” bahasa Indonesia
dan kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin, dengan begitu dapat mengingatkan murid- murid
untuk menghindari kesalahan- kesalahan yang akan muncul dalam proses pemahaman
selanjutnya. Menurut penulis, cara ini sangat membantu untuk mengurangi
kesalahan- kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh factor bahasa Indonesia sebagai
bahasa ibu, serta juga sangat membantu murid- murid dalam proses pemahaman dan
penguasaan kalimat “bei” bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Sering latihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ada sebuah peribahasa Tionghoa
mengatakan “ Tata bahasa bukan dikuasai karena dipelajari, tetapi karena selalu
latihan”. Latihan adalah cara untuk mempelajari tata bahasa yang tidak boleh
dikurangi, dalam proses pengajaran tidak boleh dianggap enteng, terlebih lagi
tidak boleh dihilangkan. Tujuan pengajaran bahsa adalah untuk mendidik murid
agar bisa menggunakan bahasa target dalam kehidupan sehari- hari dan sosial.
Sebelum diadakannya latihan, guru harus membedakan tipe soal promer dan tipe
soal sekunder, jenis soal yang tidak terlalu penting atau jenis soal yang tidak
cocok diajukan, sama saja dengan “membuang- buang waktu” dalam proses belajar
mengajar. Urutan latihan yang diberikan kepada murid- murid juga harus teratur
pula, dari jenis soal yang sederhana ke jenis soald yang lebih kompleks. Dengan
begitu diharapkan murid- murid dapat menguasai struktur dari kalimat “bei”
bahasa mandarin, keunikan- keunikannya dan penggunaan yang tepat dengan lebih
mudah dan cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-67610612629761468002014-12-17T20:50:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:50:44.158-08:00ANALISIS KESALAHAN MAHASISWA SEMESTER 1 BHS MANDARIN PADA PELAFALAN FOMEN Z/C/S/ZH/CH/DAN/SH DI UNIVERSITAS WIDYAKARTIKA Judul pos<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diera teknologi
seperti sekarang ini, kebutuhan komunikasi meningkat seiringdengan kemajuan di
berbagai bidang.Apalagi tahun 2015 dimulainya perdagangan bebas ekonomi asean. Bahasa menjadi sangat penting
khususnya bahasa mandarin.Apalagi bahasa mandarin merupakan bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak di dunia dan
merupakan bahasa resmi kedua yang
dipakai PBB setelah bahasa inggris.Bahasa Mandarin dipakai karena pusat ekonomi danbisnis dunia yang
mulai bergeser dari Atlantik ke Pasifik. Hal tersebut berdampaksemakin
meluasnya bahasa Mandarin digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi, Serutama di
kawasan Asia. Oleh karena itu, banyak bangsa termasuk Indonesiamulai
mempelajari bahasa Mandarin. Di dunia pendidikan, bahasa Mandarinmulai menjadi
sebuah mata pelajaran mulai dari Taman Kanak-kanak (TK)sampai Perguruan
Tinggi.Mempelajari bahasa asing, khususnya dalam hal ini adalah bahasaMandarin,
terutama di dalam percakapan, maka tidak akan terlepas dari aspekpelafalan,
tata bahasa dan penelitian. Khususnya dalam berbicara, pelafalan seringmenjadi
hambatan serius bagi pemula. Hal ini wajar sekali karena memang bukanbahasa
ibu, sehingga alat ucap mereka jarang digunakan untuk mengucapkanbahasa asing
itu.Pelafalan adalah dasar seseorang mampu berbicara dengan benar. Didalam
bahasa Mandarin pelafalan yang tepat sangat penting karena salah sedikitpada pelafalan
dapat membedakan arti. Sehingga perlu belajar lebih dalam lagimengenai
pelafalan. Terkadang pelafalan fonem bahasa Mandarin sulit dilafalkan,karena
bahasa Indonesia tidak memiliki fonem tersebut. Maka penelitimemberikan contoh
fonem dalam bashasa Mandarin sebagai berikut.:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Kata <i>/z/ </i>ini sering
sekali dilafalkan salah, masih dilafalkan dalampelafalan bahasa Indonesia yaitu
<i>/zet/</i>, sedangkan pelafalannya yangbenar adalah <i>/ts/</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Kata <i>/s/ </i>ini sering
sekali dilafalkan salah, karena masih dilafalkan dalampelafalan bahasa
Indonesia yaitu /es/, sedangkan pelafalannya yangbenar adalah <i>/se/</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Kata <i>/c/ </i>ini sering
sekali dilafalkan salah, karena masih dilafalkan dalampelafalan bahasa
Indonesia yaitu <i>/ce/</i>, sedangkan pelafafalannya yangbenar adalah <i>/ts</i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: LucidaSansUnicode;">ʰ</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Kata /<i>zh/ </i>ini sering
sekali dilafalkan salah, karena masih dilafalkandalam pelafalan bahasa
Indonesia yaitu <i>/si/</i>, sedangkan pelafannya yangbenar adalah /</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: LucidaSansUnicode;">ʈʂ</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh di atas adalah beberapa
kesalahan pelafalan fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/,/ ch/, /sh/ </i>dalam kosa
kata bahasa Mandarin. Apabila kesalahan initerus berlanjutmakaakanberakibatfatal.Bahasa
Mandarin mencakup pelafalan,menulis,membaca, dan mendengarkan merupakan salah
satu mata pelajaran dimanakitamengetahui cara pelafannya yang benar dan
perbedaannya .Diharapkan dapatmenunjang dalam pelajaran bahasa Mandarin,
khususnya dalamhal pelafalan.Berdasarkan keterangan di atas, peneliti akan meneliti
pelafalan mahasiswa semester 1 diUniversitasWidyakartikadengan mengambil judul:
“<b>Analisis Kesalahan Mahasiswa Semester 1 Bahasa Mandarin PadaPelafalan Fonem<i>/z/,
/c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/</i>.dansh Di UniversitasWidyakartika.</b><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eningkatan
pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,pada k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ajian
ini lebih difokuskan padapelafalan, dan ini lebih ditekankan pada penyebab dan
kesalahan yang dihadapi dalam mahasiswa
tersebut, sehingga dosen dapat
mengatasidengan mempelajari masalah dari beberapa kasus yang ada dalam
prosespembelajaran. Pada penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan beberapa batasan
masalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Mengapa siswa kelas A dan
B </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UniversitasWidyakartika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Su</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ra</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">baya melakukan
kesalahan pada pelafalan fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/,/sh/</i>dalam
Kosakata Bahasa Mandarin ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Kesalahan apa saja yang sering
siswa kelas A dan B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> di UniversitasWidyakartika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
lakukan dalam pelafalan fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/,/ch/, /sh/</i>dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">osakata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ahasa Mandarin ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tujuan Penelitian</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun tujuan
penelitian ini adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Untuk
mengetahui mengapa siswa kelas A dan Bmelakukan
kesalahan pada pelafalan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">fomen
z/c/s/zh/c/ch/sh diUniversitasWidyakartika.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Untuk
mengetahui kesalahan seperti apa saja yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
siswa kelas A dan B </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UniversitasWidyakartika
Surabaya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> sering lakukan pelafalan fonem<i>/z/,
/c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/ </i>dan <i>/r/ </i>dalam kosa kata bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.4 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat Penelitian</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Secara Teoretik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil penelitian
ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi yang positifdalam pengembangan dan
perluasan ilmu pendidikan melalui pemahamantentang permasalahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> siswa dalam belajar
bahasa asing sekaligusmemberikan beberapa solusi yang dapat membantu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> siswa, khususnyadalam
hal pelafalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Secara Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Bagi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Para Dosen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahan
masukan bagi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dosen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
tentang permasalahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
dalambelajar sesuai dengan kemampuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mereka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bagi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dosenpendamping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bahan
pertimbangan dalam menentukan kebijakan yangberkaitan dengan peningkatan
pemahaman tentang permasalahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siswadalam
belajar bahasa Mandarin, khususnya dalam hal pelafalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.5</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Metode Penelitian</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber data yang digunakan dalam
penyusunan laporan kerja praktik iniadalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Data Primer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan data
yang diperoleh secara langsung dari instansi/lembagadengan melakukan
wawancara/memberikan kuisioner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Data Sekunder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data yang diperoleh
melalui informasi lain dengan membaca literatur sertabuku-buku yang berhubungan
dengan masalah yang akan dibahas.Beberapa metode yang digunakan dalam
penyusunan laporan kerja praktikadalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Metode Observasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ini
dilakukan dengan mengamati dan mempelajari secara langsungdilokasi kerja
praktik mengenai materi kerja praktik yang bertujuan untukmendapatkan gambaran
serta memperoleh data secara akurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Metode Wawancara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ini
dilakukan dalam bentuk tanya jawab kepada pembimbinglapangan atau guru pamong
yang bersangkutan untuk mendapatkangambaran informasi dan informasi secara
jelas mengenai materi kerjapraktik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Metode Kajian Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ini
dilakukan dengan mempelajari berbagai literatur yang sesuaidengan proses yang
diamati maupun buku-buku penunjang lainnya yangberkaitan dengan materi kerja
praktik dan tujuan penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Metode Analisis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode ini
dilakukan setelah melakukan kegiatan observasi, wawancara,kajian pustaka untuk
memperoleh data secara langsung kesalahan-kesalahanyang dilakukan oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LANDASAN
TEORI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1KAJIAN
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam <i>Jurnal </i>Electronic<i> Chinese Academic </i>(2006)
yang berjudul <i>“Mingliàngcí De Fēnlèi Yǔ Duìwài Hànyǔ Mingliàngcí Jiàoxué” </i>yang
di tulis oleh Wang Han Wei.Dalam jurnal ini, Wei memaparkan penggolongan kata
benda bantu bilangan dalam bahasa Mandarin</span>.<span lang="IN"> Penggolongan ini untuk mempermudah pelajar asing
dalam mempelajari kata benda bantu bilangan. Wei juga menjelaskan bahwa kata
benda bantu bilangan dapat di bagi menjadi dua kategori yaitu kata benda bantu
bilangan khusus dan kata benda bantu bilangan pinjaman. Pembahasan dalam jurnal
ini sangat bermanfaat bagi penulis untuk dapat melihat penggolongan jenis kata benda bantu bilangan dalam bahasa
Mandarin. Sementara itu</span>dalam
journal electronic chinese academic (2007),jingjingdanchangliangmenulisartikel
yang berjudul”hanyingliangcizhiijiao” .<span lang="IN">Sementara itu,
dalam <i>Jurnal Electronic Chinese Academic </i>(2007), Jing Jing dan Chang
Liang menulis artikel yang berjudul <i>“Hàn Yīng Liàngcí Zhī ǐjiào”. </i>Dalam
jurnal ini Jing dan Chang membandingkan penggunaan kata benda bantu bilangan
bahasa Mandarin dengan bahsa Inggris. Jing dan Chang juga memaparkan tentang
perbedaan jenis kata bantu bilangan dan ciri-ciri kata bantu bilangan dalam bahasa
Selanjutnya dalam skripsi Cherry Cerianti (2011) yang berjudul <i>“Analisis
Kontrastif Kata Bantu Bilangan Dalam Bahasa Mandarin Dan Bahasa Indonesia</i>”,
Cherry memaparkan tentang perbedaan dan persamaan kata bantu bilangan dalam
bahasa Mandarin dan bahasa Indonesia. Skripsi ini sangat mendukung penulis pada
bagian pembahasan, penulis dapat melihat penjabaran dan penjelasan mengenai
penggunaan kata bantu bilangan dalam bahasa Mandarin dan bahasa Indonesia. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hasil yang di dapat bahwa dalam bahasa
Mandarin jenis kata bantu bilangan satuan individual lebih banyak dari satuan
kolektif, sedangkan dalam bahasa Inggris di dapat bahwa jenis kata bantu
bilangan satuan kolektif lebih banyak dari satuan individualnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam <i>Jurnal
Electronic Chinese Academic </i>(2005), yang berjudul “<i>Liàngcí Shuāng Hé Duì
De Biànxī” </i>Wang Suping memaparkan analisis pada kata benda bantu bilangan <i>shuāng
</i>(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">双</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">) dan <i>duì </i>(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">)
baik dari segi makna dan penggunaannya. Pembahasan pada jurnal ini sangat
mendukung penulis, karena 21 jurnal ini menerangkan mengenai penggunaan kata
benda bantu bilangan <i>shuāng </i>(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">双</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">) dan <i>duì </i>(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">)
dalam bahasa Mandarin. Dalam <i>Jurnal Electronic Chinese Academic </i>(2007)
Wang Zhifang menulis artikel yang berjudul <i>“Liàngcí Gè de Shǐyòng Fàn Huà
Guǎnjiàn</i>”. Fang memaparkan tentang makna dan penggunaan kata benda bantu
bilangan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(gè) dalam bahasa Mandarin modern. Hasil dari
penelitian ini memaparkan bahwa kata benda bantu bilangan</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">(gè) adalah kata benda bantu bilangan individual, namun penggunaannya
tidak dapat terikat oleh kata benda bantu bilangan lainnya. Dalam skripsi ini,
penulis melakukan penelitian yang berbeda yaitu menganalisis kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">pelafalanfomen
z/c/s/zh/ch/sh</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">dalam
kalimat bahasa Mandarin. Hal ini tentu sangat berbeda dengan penelitian
sebelumny</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"> karena
penelitian ini difokuskan kepada mahasiswa semester</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;">1
UniversitasWidyakartikaSurabaya.Halinijugadapatmengetahuitingkatkesulitandalammempelajaribahasa
mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN">2.</span></b><b>2<span lang="IN"> Landasan Teori </span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam proses
belajar, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
biasanya juga membuat kesalahan, tapikesalahan ini berbeda dari kesalahan yang
orang pikirkan selama ini. Kesalahandalam proses belajar adalah satu hal yang
penting untuk dibahas karena jikadilihat kata “belajar” dan “kesalahan” kedua
kata tersebut memliki hubungan yangerat yaitu, belajar tidak akan terlepas dari
kesalahan dan kesalahan tersebut terjadisecara alami. Kesalahan itu wajar saja
dilakukan karena masih dalamproses belajar dan belum memiliki pengetahuan
tentang materi pelajaran, makamereka menemukan kesulitan yang menyebabkan
kesalahan. Kesalahan jugaterjadi pada siswa yang mempelajari bahasa asing.
Kesalahan itu terjadi karenakurangnya pengetahuan tentang peraturan-peraturan
bahasa asing tersebut danpengaruh dari bahasa ibu (<i>mother tongue</i>).
Seorang guru harus bisa melihat danmengoreksi kesalahan-kesalahan yang siswa
lakukan, sehingga guru bisamenentukan kesalahan yang harus diberi suatu
pengajaran dan pelatihan yanglebih intensif. Selain itu guru juga harus bisa
mengalisis kesalahan-kesalahan yangsiswa lakukan. ”Analisis adalah suatu kajian
yang dilakukan terhadap suatu halguna meneliti struktur hal tersebut secara
mendalam.” .(www.google.com, id.wikipedia. org, 11 april 2008). Tujuan dari
menganalisis kesalahan adalah supayaguru mendapat uraian data kesalahan dan
jenis dari kesalahan sehingga guru bisamenciptakan proses belajar yang lebih
baik.Menurut Mimi Astuti Pulukadang dalam bukunya <i>Error analysispronouncing </i>(Analisis
kesalahan pelafalan)<i>, </i>sumber kesalahan belajar bahasa ada2 (dua) macam
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <i>Interlingual error</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan yang
disebabkan karena adanya campur tangan bahasa ibu(<i>mother tongue</i>) dengan
bahasa asing yang sedang dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Intralingual error and
development errors<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan yang
disebabkan faktor kemampuan siswa adalah,kesalahan ini lebih pada langkahnya
dalam belajar bahasa asing tersebut<i>(Intralingual error)</i>, dan kesalahan
pengembangan adalah kesalahan siswamencoba membuat hipotesis dari bahasa asing
itu dari pengalaman yangmereka peroleh <i>( development errors).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelafalan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elafalan
yang tepat merupakan landasan untuk bisa menguasaibahasa Mandarin dan ketika
mempelajari pelafalannya, juga akan terlepas darifonem-fonem baru yang asing
bagi kita. Fonemik adalah cabang studi fonologiyang mempelajari bunyi bahasa
dengan memperhatikan fungsi bunyi tersebutsebagai pembeda makna (Agus Budi
Santoso, 2006:24).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa
yang tidak menggunakan abjad latindalam sistem penelitiannya. Oleh karena itu,
tanpa adanya sistem penelitian latinakan sulit bagi orang asing untuk
mempelajari bahasa Mandarin. Maka pada tahun1958, pemerintah Cina secara resmi
menggunakan latin <i>pinyin</i>, yang dibuat olehLembaga Pembaharuan Tulisan
(LPT) Republik Rakyat China sebagai sistempenelitian latinnya. <i>Pinyin </i>merupakan
sistem penelitian latin untuk bahasaMandarin berdasarkan sistem pelafalan standar
nasional (De-An Wu Swihart,2007: 1). Sistem latin <i>pinyin </i>mempermudah
pelajar asing yang hanya menguasai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">huruf latin. Bentuk penulisan <i>pinyin
</i>paling sedikit terdiri dari satu suku kata, dansetiap suku kata terdiri
dari huruf vokal (<i>yun mu</i>) dan huruf konsonan (</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">shēng mǔ</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)dan
memiliki tandaintonasi (</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">shēng di</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ào</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
yang diletakkan di atas huruf vokal.Pinyin memiliki 40 vokal dan 21 konsonan.
Cara pelafalan vokal lebihkurang sama dengan pelafalan vokal dalam bahasa
Indonesia, namun untukkonsonan memiliki perbedaan yang cukup jauh dengan bahasa
Indonesia. Carapelafalan konsonan dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat tergantung pada
posisi lidah,bibir, gigi dan cara melafalkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.3 KESIMPULAN
SEMENTARA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berdasarkanpenelititiankuantitafifdari
5 judulskripsidan journal yang
penulislakukandapatdi simpulkanbahwamempelajaribahasa mandarin
itutidaksamahalnyadenganbelajarbahasainggrismaupunbahasa yang
lainnya.Penulislebihmemahamidanmempermudahdalampembelajaranbahasamandarin.danberdasarkanpenelitian
yang penulislakukankitadapatmempermudahdalammempelajari</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelafalan
fonem /<i>z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/, </i>dan <i>/r/</i></span></b><b><i><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fonem
adalah satuan terkecil dalam sebuah bahasa yang bisamenunjukkan perbedaan
makna. fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/, </i>dan <i>/r/ </i>dalambahasa
mandarin sangat penting untuk dipelajari karena fonem-fonem tersebutpaling
sulit dilafalkan dan para pembelajar bahasa mandarin sering sekalimembuat
kesalahan pada fonem-fonem tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<b>BAB III</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.1 Analisa Dan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam kegiatan
belajar mengajar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Universitaswidyakartika</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penelitimelaksanakan
Praktik Kerja Lapangan selama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">satubulan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dimulai dari tanggal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> 5November-5
Desember 2014</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.Peneliti men</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">gamatipengajaran</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa Mandarin
di </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kelas A dan B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">di </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UWIKA.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Berikut adalah jadwal pertemuan di kela</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s A dan B.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadwal Praktik Kerja
Lapangan di Kelas A dan B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No Tanggal Kelas Materi Keterangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
A Menjabarkan <i>Hanzi </i>sesuai goresan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 05/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B Membahas LKS
(mengerjakan latihan soal)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> B Membahas LKS latihan
nada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 18/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> A Ujian nada (Anna <i>shubao</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 25/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> A Membahasa kisi-kisi
mid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 02/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B Mid semester Libur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 08/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> A Membahas Mid &
kuisioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 09/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> B Membahas Mid &
kuisioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 15/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A Kuisioner &
perpisahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 16/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> B Kuisioner &
perpisahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam proses
belajar-mengajar peneliti menggunakan beberapa metodemengajar secara bergantian
yaitu metode belajar ceramah, tanya jawab, dan tugas.Metode ceramah ini
dipilih, karena bahasa Mandarin merupakan mata pelajaranbaru para siswa masih
terlalu minim pengetahuannya mengenai pelajaran ini,belum adanya sumber bahan
pelajaran pada siswa, selama ini siswa belummendapat buku panduan khusus bahasa
Mandarin akan tetapi hanya menggunakanLembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) sebagai buku
panduan, selain itu juga karenamenghadapi sejumlah siswa yang cukup banyak.
Untuk mengetahui sejauh manapemahaman siswa terhadap materi yang telah peneliti
sampaikan melalui metodeceramah, peneliti menggunakan metode tanya jawab.
Metode ini juga untukmerangsang siswa berfikir dan memberikan kesempatan pada
siswa untukmengajukan masalah yang belum dipahami. Agar siswa lebih mantap
dalammenguasai materi yang telah disampaikan maka peneliti memberikan
pekerjaanrumah. Dalam proses-belajar ini peneliti juga menyelipkan humor agar
siswa tidakbosan dan terus bersemangat dalam mengikuti pelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C. Tes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama proses
pembelajaran berlangsung peneliti tidak melakukan testentang materi pelajaran,
peneliti hanya melanjutkan silabi dari guru pamong yangdalam silabi tersebut
terdapat rencana tes nada dan tes mid semester. Penelitihanya melakukan tes
pelafalan fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/ </i>dalam kosakata bahasa
Mandarin untuk mengetahui penyebab dan kesalahan-kesalahanseperti apa yang
siswa lakukan. Berikut ini adalah soal tes pelafalan yangberjumlah 35Selama
proses pembelajaran berlangsung peneliti tidak melakukan testentang materi
pelajaran, peneliti hanya melanjutkan silabi dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dosen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yangdalam silabi
tersebut terdapat rencana tes nada dan tes mid semester. Penelitihanya
melakukan tes pelafalan fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/ </i>dalam kosakata bahasa Mandarin untuk
mengetahui penyebab dan kesalahan-kesalahanseperti apa yang siswa lakukan.
Berikut ini adalah soal tes pelafalan yangberjumlah 35 soal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Soal tes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lafalkanlah kata-kata dibawah ini
dengan baik dan benar !<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <i>Zao </i>11<i>. si </i>21<i>.
Chi </i>31<i>. Ri<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <i>Zuo </i>12<i>. sou </i>22<i>.
Chuan </i>32<i>. Renao<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <i>Zi </i>13<i>. sang </i>23<i>.
chao </i>33<i>. Ranhou<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. <i>Zou </i>14<i>. sai </i>24. <i>Chouti
</i>34<i>. Ren<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. <i>Zai </i>15<i>. Sun </i>25<i>.
Chang </i>35<i>. Ruguo<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. <i>Cai </i>16<i>. Zhidao </i>26<i>.
Shuo<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. <i>Ci </i>17<i>. Zhongguo </i>27<i>.
Shou<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. <i>Congming </i>18<i>. Zhuozi </i>28<i>.
Shenme<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9. <i>Can </i>19<i>. Zhu </i>29<i>.
Shijian<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10. <i>Cuo </i>20. <i>Zhe </i>30<i>.
Shao<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4.1 KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
penemuan dan pembahasan bab sebelumnya, dapatdisimpulkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Presentase kesalahan
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/</i>dan <i>/r/ </i>di
kelas A dan B yang terdiri dari 35 soaladalah sebagai
berikut:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Total kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/z/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 17 kesalahan atau 3,57%
dan untuk kelas Badalah sebanyak 23 kesalahan atau 5,52%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Total kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/c/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 3 kesalahan atau 0,63%
dan untuk kelasBadalah sebanyak 5 kesalahan atau 1,2%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Total kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/s/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 10 kesalahan atau
2,1% dan untuk kela</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Badalah sebanyak 12 kesalahan atau 2,88%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Total kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/zh/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 94 kesalahan atau 19,74% dan
untuk kelas Badalah sebanyak 95 kesalahan atau 22,8%.48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Total kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/ch/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 67 kesalahan atau 14,07% dan
untuk kelas Badalah sebanyak 80 kesalahan atau 19,2%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f. Total kesalahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem <i>/sh/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 62 kesalahan atau 13,02% dan
untuk kelas Badalah sebanyak 65
kesalahan atau 15,6%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g. Total kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
pada pelafalan fonem /<i>r/ </i>di kelas Aadalah sebanyak 52 kesalahan atau 10,92%
dan untuk kelasBadalah sebanyak 29 kesalahan atau 6,96%.Jumlah total kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
dalam pelafalan fonem tersebut adalah kelas A sebanyak 305 kesalahan atau
64,05% dan kelas Bsebanyak 309 kesalahan 74,16%. Ini berarti tingkat kesulitan
siswa pada pelafalanfonem <i>/z/, /c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/ </i>dan <i>/r/ </i>cukup
tinggi, hal ini terbukti daritinnginyajumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh
siswa. M</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ahas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iswa
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">semester 1 kelas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A dan B </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">universitaswidyakartika
an</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gkatan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tahun 2014/2015</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
juga belummenguasai tentang pelafalan bahasa Mandarin, khususnya pelafalan
fonem <i>/z/,/c/,/s/, /zh/, /ch/, </i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan sh.</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Mengingat poin (d)
diatas, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
kelas A dan B seringsekali membuat
kesalahan pada pelafalan fonem <i>/zh/. </i>Ini berarti kemampuansiswa pada
pelafalan fonem /<i>zh</i>/ sangat kurang sekali.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> SARAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> harus mendapat perhatian lebih pada pelajaran bahasa
Mandarin,khususnya tentang pelafalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bahasa Mandarinharus seringmemberikan banyak latihan pada
pelafalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Media yang digunakan
dalam proses pembelajaran hendaknya lebihbervariasi agar motivasi belajar</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
dalam bidang pelafalan meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manser, Martin H. 1999.
<i>Concise English-chinese Chinese-English Dictionary</i>.Oxford University
Press and The Commercial Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Marsono. 1989. <i>Fonetik</i>.
Yogyakarta : Gadjah mada university pressPulukadang, Mimy Astuti. 2001. <i>Error
analysis pronouncing</i>. Gorontalo : (IKIP)Negeri Gorontalo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Soeparno. 2002. <i>Dasar-dasar
linguistik umum</i>. Yogyakarta : PT Tiara Wacana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Santoso Budi, Agus.
2006. <i>Pengantar Linguistik Umum (Buku pegangan kuliah)</i>.Madiun : (IKIP)
Madiun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suparto. 2004. <i>Percakapan
dasar bahasa Mandarin</i>. Bandung : PustakaInternasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tim Kamus Universitas
Peking. 2001. <i>Kamus Praktis Indonesia-TionghoaTionghoa-Indonesia</i>.
Jakarta : PT. Dian Rakyat.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www.google</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-69451632301148590552014-12-17T20:49:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:49:37.978-08:00LAPORAN KARYA TULIS “PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN KATA FEI CHANG DAN HEN DALAM SASTRA TIONGHUA” <br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.1 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latarbelakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
sastra tionghua ada banyak sekali kata dan memiliki banyak arti.Ada kata yang
sama tetapi memiliki arti berbeda,ada juga kata yang berbeda tetapi memiliki
arti yang sama tetapi memiliki perbedaan penggunaan.Salah satu contoh kata itu
adalah fei chang dan hen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fei
chang dan hen memiliki arti yang sama yaitu<b><i> Sangat </i></b>.Dalamlingkupini kami
inginmengetahuipengetahuan mahasiswa Widya Kartika tentang perbedaan
penggunaankata Fei chang dan HendalamkegiatanSastra Tionghua. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2 PerumusanMasalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari
latarbelakangdiatasmakapenulismengambilperumusanmasalahsebagaiberikut :</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “Apakah
mahasiswa tahu bagaimana penggunaan antara Fei chang dan Hen di kalangan
Universitas Widya Kartika ?” </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3 TujuanPenelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuanpenelitianinidilakukanuntukmengetahui seberapa
jauh </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan Mahasiswa tentang perbedaan kata Fei
chang dan Hen.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4 ManfaatPenelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaatdaripenelitianuntuk mengatahui </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang perbedaan kata Fei chang
dan Hen dalam sastra tionghua.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5 Hipotesis</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotesisdarikaryatulisiniyaitumengetahui seberapa
jauh </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan mahasiswa tentang perbedaan kata
haishi dan huozhe.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6 WaktudanLokasiPenelitihan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lokasi Penilitian di lakukan Universitas Widya
Kartika .</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB
2</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LANDASAN TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.
Pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
Fei chang dan Hen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fei chang dan Hen adalah sebuah kata dalam bahasa
Tionghua yang memiliki arti yang sama yaitu <b><i>Sangat.</i></b>Akan tetapi Fei
chang dan Hen memiliki perbedaan penggunaan.Fei chang digunakan untuk
penggunaan kata yang lebih sangat .Misalnya “ Wo fei chang he kafei (Saya lebih suka minum kopi). Sedangkan Hen
digunakan dalam penggunaan kata yang sangat..Misalnya: “ Wo hen ai ni. (Saya
sangat mencintaimu.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBAHASAN PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3.1 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Metode
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pengerjaan
karya tulis ini, penulis memperoleh data dengan cara menyebarkan angket. Angket
tersebut kami sebarkan kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahasiswa
Widya Kartika dengan jumlah 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.2 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data angket yang diperoleh , kami buat table sepertiberikut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apakah anda bisa bahasa Mandarin/Tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 51.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 465px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bisa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian 10 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa
tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> bisa mandarin atau bahasa tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa tidak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
bisa Bahasa Mandarin/Tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Apa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anda tahu arti kata Fei chang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 533px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak
tahu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
penelitian 10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa
tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0%
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa menjawab </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tahu arti kata Fei chang sedangkan 60% menjawab tidak tahu arti kata Fei chang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3.Apa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anda tahu arti kata Hen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
penelitian 10</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa
tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0%
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa menjawab </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tahu arti kata Hen sedangkan 50% Mahasiswa tiak tahu arti kata
Hen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apakah anda tahu perbedaan Fei chang dan Hen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">80</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil penelitian
1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">80</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahasiswa menjawab tahu perbedaan Fei chang dan Hen
dan 20% Mahasiswa menjawab tidak tahu
perbedaan Fei chang dan Hen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5.Apakah
anda tahu kapan kata Fei chang digunakan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">30</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">70</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil penelitian
1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">30</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahasiswa menjawab tahu kapan kata Fei chang digunakan dan 70% Mahasiswa
menjawab tidak tahu kapan penggunaan
kataFei chang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6.
Apakah anda tahu kapan kata hen digunakan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 40.85pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil penelitian 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa
tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">50</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">%
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahasiswa menjawab tahu kapan kata Hen digunakan dan 50% Mahasiswa menjawab tidak tahu kapan penggunaan kata Hen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7.
Apakah anda mengetahui hanzi (penulisan mandarin) Fei chang ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">80</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil penelitian
1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Mahasiswa
menjawab tahu penulisian mandarin Fei
changdan 80% Mahasiswa menjawab tidak
tahu penulisan mandarin Fei chang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8.
Apakah anda mengetahui Hanzi ( penulisan Mandarin ) Hen ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak tahu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">60</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil penelitian
1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Mahasiswa
menjawab tahu penulisian mandarin Hendan
60% Mahasiswa menjawab tidak tahu
penulisan mandarin Hen</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">9.
Dari manakah anda mengenal Bahasa Mandarin ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 46.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari sekolah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">60</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dari lingkungan keluarga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 179.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa
tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">60</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Mahasiswa
menjawab mengenal dari sekolah dan 40%
Mahasiswa menjawab tahu dari kalangan
keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10. Menurut anda bagaimana bahasa mandarin itu ?</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 496px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 46.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sangat sulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">70</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.95pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak terlalu sulit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="top" width="124">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">30</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 179.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">0Maha</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">siswa
tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">70</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Mahasiswa
menjawab Bahasa mandarin itu sangatlah
sulit dan 30% Mahasiswa menjawab Bahasa
mandarin itu tidak terlalu sulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AB
4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian yang telah kami lakukan dengan penyebaran angket, dapat kami
ambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.Sebagian Mahasiswa Widya Kartika tidak mengerti Bahasa Tionghua dan
sebagian Mahasiswa belum mengerti perbedaan kata Fei chang dan Hen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.Masih sedikit Mahasiswa Widya Kartika yang mengetahui perbedaan kata Fei chang dan Hen dan mengerti bahasa
mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. Sebagian Mahasiswa mengetahui Bahasa mandarin dari sekolah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.2
Saran </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebaiknya mahasiswa Widya Kartika lebih sering membaca
buku, bertanya kepada yang lebih mengerti dan paham tentang Bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-67585648008109819942014-12-17T20:48:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:48:27.261-08:00LAPORAN KARYA TULIS “PENGGUNAAN BAHASA TIONGHUA DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI - HARI ” Judul pos<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar belakang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bahasa merupakan sistem komunikasi yang
berfungsi sebagai pengantar pesan yang ingin disampaikan pembicara kepada
pendengar atau orang yang di tujukan. Bahasa merupakan alat penghubung bagi
masyarakat yang membantu terbentuknya interaksi. Karena dengan adanya bahasa
interaksi dengan orang lain dapat berjalan dengan lancar</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salah
satu bahasa yang mulai menunjukan keberadaan dan peranannya di dunia adalah
bahasa Mandarin. Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak di
dunia. Beberapa tahun ini pengaruh dan perkembangan bahasa Mandarin di dunia
khususnya di Indonesia sangat besar. Pengaruh ini membuat masyarakat Indonesia
banyak yang mulai mempelajari bahasa Mandarin. Bahasa Mandarin sudah menjadi
kebutuhan bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Masyarakat tidak hanya mempelajari bahasa
Mandarin untuk kepentingan perdagangan, pendidikan atau hal lainnya tetapi juga
digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2 Perumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari latar belakang diatas maka penulis mengambil
perumusan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">masalah</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">sebagai</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">berikut :</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> “</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat apa saja yang di dapat dalam belajar bahasa
mandarin</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">?”</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3 Tujuan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ini</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dilakukan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">untuk</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">mengetahui </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">manfaat apa saja yang di dapat dalam belajar bahasa
mandarin.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4 Manfaat</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dari</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">penelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah untuk mengetahui manfaat belajar bahasa
mandarin dalam ke hidupan sehari-hari.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5 MetodePenelitian</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mendampatkan informasi kami membagikan
kuisoner.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6 Hipotesis</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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sehari-hari.</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.7 Waktu</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lokasi</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penelitihan</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lokasi Penilitian di lakukan Universitas Widya
Kartika .</span></span><span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="MsoIntenseEmphasis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB 2</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">LANDASAN TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.
Pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
(Menurut Wikipedia)<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam pengertian yang sempit, Mandarin
berarti </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Putonghua</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">普通</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">话</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guoyu</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國語</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
yang merupakan dua bahasa standar yang hampir sama yang didasarkan pada bahasa
lisan Beifanghua* (lihat di bawah). </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Putonghua</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah bahasa resmi </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guoyu</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah bahasa resmi </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Taiwan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Putonghua</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
- yang biasanya malah dipanggil </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayu" title="Huayu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Huayu</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
- juga adalah salah satu dari empat bahasa resmi </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Singapura</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam pengertian yang luas, Mandarin
berarti Beifanghua (secara </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harafiah" title="Harafiah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">harafiah</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
berarti "bahasa percakapan Utara"), yang merupakan sebuah kategori
yang luas yang mencakup beragam jenis dialek percakapan yang digunakan sebagai
bahasa lokal di sebagian besar bagian utara dan barat daya Cina, dan menjadi
dasar bagi </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Putonghua</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Guoyu</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Beifanghua mempunyai lebih banyak penutur daripada bahasa apapun yang lainnya
dan terdiri dari banyak jenis termasuk versi-versi yang sama sekali tidak dapat
dimengerti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB 3</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBAHASAN PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3.1 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Metode
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam pengerjaan
karya tulis ini, penulis memperoleh data dengan cara menyebarkan angket. Angket
tersebut kami sebarkan kepada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mahasiswa
Widya Kartika dengan jumlah 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3.2 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Data angket yang
diperoleh , kami buat table sepertiberikut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apakah anda bisa bahasa Mandarin/Tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">60</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 31.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.2pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian 10 siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">60</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">%
siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> bisa mandarin atau bahasa tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">40</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">% siswa tidak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
bisa Bahasa Mandarin/Tionghua</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 57.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menurut anda apakah bahasa mandarin itu bermanfaat?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 3.45pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 533px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bermanfaat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0 %</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bermanfaat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100.0pt;" valign="top" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 3.45pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0 %</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
penelitian 10 siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0%
siswa menjawab </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bermanfaat sedangkan
80% menjawab tidak bermanfaat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Apa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anda tahu manfaat apa saja dalam mempelajari bahasa
mandarin </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pilihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jawaban<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persentase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">20</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.5pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">80</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil
penelitian 10 siswa tercatat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">0%
siswa menjawab </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ya sedangkan 80%
tidak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">B</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">AB
4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.1
Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari
hasil penelitian yang telah kami lakukan dengan penyebaran angket, dapat kami
ambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.Sebagian siswa Widya Kartika tidak tahu manfaat dari belajar Bahasa Tionghua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.Masih sedikit siswa Widya Kartika yang tidak memahami manfaat belajar
bahasa tionghua<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.2
Saran </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebaiknya mahasiswa Widya Kartika mulai melakukan
hal-hal yang memotivasi untuk belajar bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-69979778063864615232014-12-17T20:47:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:47:27.984-08:00ANALISIS KESALAHAN DALAM PENGGUNAAN KATA “ 能 ” DAN “ 会 ” PADA MAHASISWA PRODI BAHASA MANDARIN DI UNIVERSITAS WIDYA KARTIKA SURABAYA<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar Belakang Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahasa merupakan alat komunikasi
antara anggota masyarakat berupa simbol bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap
manusia. Seiring dengan kebutuhan masyarakat akan pentingnya kemampuan
berbahasa dalam era globalisasi, pengajaran bahasa asing kini telah berkembang
di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pesatnya perkembangan Negara Cina
saat ini membuat Bahasa mandarin menjadi salah satu bahasa asing yang paling
banyak di pelajari di seluruh penjuru dunia, termasuk banyak masyarakat
Indonesia yang mulai sadar pentingnya mempelajari Bahssa Mandarin dalam
perkembangan jaman ini, mulai mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin. Dalam beberapa
tahu terakhir, pembelajaran Bahasa
Mandarin di Indonesia kian berkembang. Perkembangan tersebut berjalan seiring
kenutuhan lapangan kerja maupun perkembangan sektor bisnis di Tanah Air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Perkembangan jaman ini, membuat
masyarakat Indonesia mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin. Dalam mempelajari Bahasa
Mandarin ini, kita perlu mempelajarinya dari awal, seperti : belajar kosa kata
baru, cara bicaranya, cara menulisnya dan susunan kalimat yang benar dalam
Bahasa Mandarin. Biasanya masyarakat banyak yang mengalami kesulitan saat
membuat suatu kalimat. Karena membuat kalimat dalam Bahasa Mandarin berbeda
dengan membuat kalimat dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Perbedaan yang diamali
masyarakat salah satunya seperti penelitian ini. Dimana penggunaan kata dalam
Bahasa Indonesia mempunyai satu arti. Tetapi dalam Bahasa Mandarin kata ini
mempunyai dua arti. Seperti kata bantu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”, yang memiliki
arti dalam Bahasa Indonesia yaitu bisa. Namun dalam Bahasa Indonesia penggunaan
kata tersebut berbeda. Oleh karena itu, penulis meneliti kesalahan penggunaan
kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”, agar masyarakat pembaca dapat mengetahui
perbedaan sekaligus faktor penyebab kesalahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan melihat latar belakang yang
telah dikemukakan, maka beberapa masalah yang dapat penulis rumuskan dan yang
akan dibahas dalam makalah ini ialah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa
saja jenis kesalahan dalam pengunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” yang dibuat
mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya dan
bagaimana prosentasenya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor-faktor
apa saja yang mempengaruhi kesalahan mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin di
Universitas Widya Kartika dalam penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Penulisan makalah ini dilakukan
untuk memenuhi tujuan-tujuan yang diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca.
Secara terperinci, tujuan dari penelitian dan penulisan makalah ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mengetahui jenis kesalahan dalam penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” yang dibuat
mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika dan prosentasenya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk
mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kesalahan mahasiswa prodi
Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika dalam penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Manfaat penelitian bagi peneliti
sendiri, penelitian ini membantu peneliti dalam mengembangkan kemampuan diri
dalam mengajarkan bahasa mandarin, serta menambah pengetahuan mengenai teori dasar
penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dalam Bahasa Mandarin, serta jenis-jenis
kesalahan dan juga faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan dalam
penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bagi masyarakat luas
atau kelompok masyarakat tertentu, dalam hal ini bagi pembaca dan pelajar
Indonesia, penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengetahuan tambahan dan
informasi mengenai teori dasar penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dalam Bahasa
Mandarin, serta jenis-jenis kesalahan dan juga faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kesalahan dalam penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bagi mahasiswa,
penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagi pedoman dan referensi dalam penulisan
tugas akhir mahasiswa dan menambah pengetahuan tentang teori dasar penggunaan
kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dalam Bahasa
Mandarin, serta jenis-jenis kesalahan dan juga faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kesalahan dalam penggunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bagi almamater,
penelitian ini dalam menjadi masukan dan informasi mengenai teori dasar
penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dalam Bahasa Mandarin, serta jenis-jenis
kesalahan dan juga faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan dalam
penggunaannya, dan diharapkan dapat berguna untuk menambah ilmu dalam
pengajaran di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruang Lingkup Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam
melakukan penelitian, peeliti memilih 50 orang mahasiswa semester I, semester
III, semester V dan semester VII jurusan Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya
Kartika sebagai sampel penelitian. Peneliti memilih sampel penelitian mahasiswa
semester I, semester III, semester V dan semester VII karena peneliti melakukan
penelitian pada saat semester ganjil, selain itu karena peneliti memilih
mahasiswa yang telah menerima pelajaran tentang materi yang ingin peneliti
teliti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Definisi Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk memperjelas istilah pemahaman
tentang makalah ini, maka perlu untuk memberikan sebuah definisi operasional
mengenai penelitian ini yaitu pengertian analisa kesalahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LANDASAN
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Bahasa
Mandarin adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialek</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">Bahasa
Tionghoa</a> yang dituturkan di sepanjang utara dan barat daya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</a>. Kata
"Mandarin", dalam bahasa Inggris (dan mungkin juga Indonesia),
digunakan untuk menerjemahkan beberapa istilah Cina yang berbeda yang merujuk
kepada kategori-kategori <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa_lisan" title="Bahasa Tionghoa lisan">bahasa Tionghoa lisan</a>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dalam pengertian yang <i>sempit</i>, Mandarin berarti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua">Putonghua</a>
<span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">普通话</span>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu">Guoyu</a>
<span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國語</span>
yang merupakan dua bahasa standar yang hampir sama yang didasarkan pada bahasa
lisan <i>Beifanghua</i>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua">Putonghua</a> adalah bahasa resmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu">Guoyu</a> adalah bahasa
resmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua">Putonghua</a>
yang biasanya malah dipanggil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayu" title="Huayu">Huayu</a> juga adalah salah satu dari empat bahasa resmi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>.</div>
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Dalam pengertian yang <i>luas</i>, Mandarin berarti <i>Beifanghua</i> yang
merupakan sebuah kategori yang luas yang mencakup beragam jenis dialek
percakapan yang digunakan sebagai bahasa lokal di sebagian besar bagian utara
dan barat daya Cina, dan menjadi dasar bagi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putonghua" title="Putonghua">Putonghua</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoyu" title="Guoyu">Guoyu</a>.
<i>Beifanghua</i> mempunyai lebih banyak penutur daripada bahasa apapun yang
lainnya dan terdiri dari banyak jenis termasuk versi-versi yang sama sekali
tidak dapat dimengerti.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Seperti ragam-ragam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa">bahasa
Tionghoa</a> lainnya, ada banyak orang yang berpendapat bahwa bahasa
Mandarin itu merupakan semacam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialek</a>, bukan bahasa.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Asal kata mandarin<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Kata "mandarin" dalam bahasa Indonesia sendiri
diserap dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a> yang mendeskripsikan bahasa Tionghoa
juga sebagai bahasa Mandarin. Namun sebenarnya, kata "Mandarin" ini
diserap bahasa Inggris dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis">Portugis</a>
<i>mandarim,</i> yang berasal dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a>
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri" title="Menteri">menteri</a>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sumber yang lain menyebutkan Mandarin secara harfiah berasal
dari sebutan orang asing kepada pembesar-pembesar <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qing" title="Dinasti Qing">Dinasti
Qing</a> pada zaman dulu. Dinasti Qing adalah dinasti yang didirikan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Manchu" title="Suku Manchu">suku Manchu</a>,
sehingga pembesar-pembesar kekaisaran biasanya disebut sebagai <i>Mandaren</i>
(<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a>: <span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">滿大人</span>)
yang berarti "Pembesar Manchu". Dari sini, bahasa yang digunakan oleh
para pejabat Manchu waktu itu juga disebut sebagai "bahasa Mandaren".
Penulisannya berevolusi menjadi "Mandarin" di kemudian hari.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Guoyu - (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a>: <span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">國語</span>) adalah
sebutan lain bagi dialek Utara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Han" title="Bahasa Han">bahasa Han</a> yang kita kenal sebagai bahasa Mandarin. <i>Guoyu</i>
berarti harfiah "bahasa nasional", sesuai dengan kenyataan bahasa
Mandarin ditetapkan sebagai <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_resmi_pemerintahan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bahasa resmi pemerintahan (halaman belum tersedia)">bahasa resmi
pemerintahan</a> dan nasional di beberapa negara seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Tiongkok" title="Republik Tiongkok">Republik
Tiongkok</a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Huayu (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a>: <span style="font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">華語</span>) adalah nama
lain dari dialek Utara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Han" title="Bahasa Han">bahasa Han</a> yang kita kenal sebagai bahasa Mandarin
sekarang ini. <i>Huayu</i> berarti harfiah "bahasa Hua", merupakan
bahasa yang umum digunakan oleh orang Tiongkok dalam hal ini menunjuk kepada
bahasa Mandarin yang luas dituturkan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Penggunaan Kata </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata dalam
Bahasa Mandarin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” adalah “bisa”. Definisi dan penggunaan kata </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” menurut Grammar
Pelajaran 16-31 Hanyu Jiao Cheng adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bisa : “</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Pinyin :
Hui) adalah bisa melakukan sesuatu karena ada proses belajar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他会说汉语。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ta hui shuo
hanyu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia bisa
berbicara bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他会不会开汽车</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ta hui bu
hui kai qiche?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia bisa
tidak menyetir mobil?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bisa : “</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Pinyin :
Neng) adalah bisa mampu. Mampu melakukan tanpa melihat proses.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他今天不能来。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ta jintian
bu neng lai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia tidak
bisa datang hari ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他今天病了,不能来上课。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ta jintian
bing le, bu neng lai shangke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dia sakit
hari ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak bisa datang datang belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
perbedaan tersebut </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">dapat dibedakan
pada kalimat berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Contoh :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">我</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">不会开车,但是现在我能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Wo bu hui kai
che, danshi xianzai wo neng.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Saya tidak bisa menyetir mobil, tapi
sekarang saya bisa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori
Penggunaan Kata “Bisa” dalam Bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata
dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang memiliki arti yang sama dengan kata dalam Bahasa
Mandarin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”
dan “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">”
adalah “bisa”. Definisi dan penggunaan kata “bisa” menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
(dalam arti harus melakukan sesuatu proses terlebih dahulu, karena sudah pasti
harus belajar dahulu).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
: Budi adalah murid di sekolah internasional, maka ia bisa berbicara Bahasa
Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu
(dalam arti tidak harus melakukan sesuatu proses terlebih dahulu, karena sudah
pasti sanggup) Contoh : Anni tidak bisa memberitahukan rahasia itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar dapat berbahasa Mandarin dengan baik, maka tata
bahasa Mandarin juga sangat penting untuk dipelajari dan dipahami, sehingga
dalam berkomunikasi dapat menggunakan bahasa Mandarin yang baik dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata bahasa menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
adalah kumpulan kaidah tentang struktur gramatikal bahasa, kaidah bahasa yang
meliputi kaidah fonologi, morfologi, dan sintaksis. Sedangkan menurut Kamus <i>Oxford</i>, “The whole system and structure
of a language or of languages in general, ussualy taken as consisting of syntax
and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and
semantics”, yaitu tata bahasa atau <i>Grammar</i>
adalah seluruh sistem dan struktur bahasa atau bahasa secara umum, biasanya
diambil sebagai terdiri dari sintaksis dan morfologi (termasuk infleksi) dan
terkadang juga fonologi bahasa dan semantik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian tata bahasa Mandarin hampir sama dengan
tata bahasa pada umumnya, yaitu kaidah atau aturan-aturan dalam menyusun kata,
gabungan kata atau menyusun kalimat. Berbicara mengenai suatu bahsa, berarti
juga berbicara mengenai tata bahasanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan
Dasar Bahasa Asing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam belajar bahasa asing terdapat empat
keterampilan dasar berbahasa yaitu, mendengar, berbicara, membaca, dan menulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendengar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan mendengar merupakan dasar untuk
menguasai bahasa. Mendengar menjadi dasar berbicara karena berbicara diawali
dengan menirukan bunyi-bunyi yang disimaknya. Keterampilan ini sangat penting
dimiliki setiap orang terutama dalam menjalankan kontak sosial dengan orang
lain. Logan dalam Tarigan (2008) menybutkan bahwa tujuan mendengar atau
menyimak adalah a) Untuk memperoleh pengetahuan atau mendengarkan untuk
belajar, b) Menikmati keindahan audio, c) Mengevaluasi, d) Mengapresiasi, e)
Mengkomunikasikan ide-ide, f) Membedakan bunyi-bunyi, g) Memecahkan masalah,
dan h) Untuk meyakinkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbicara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan berbicara pada hakikatnya menurut
Tarigan (2008) adalah “Kemampuan mengucapkan bunyi-bunyi artikulasi atau
kata-kata untuk mengekspresikan, menyatakan, serta menyampaikan pikiran,
gagasan, dan persamaan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan berbicara merupakan suatu keterampilan
bahasa yang perlu dikuasai dengan baik. Keterampilan ini merupakan suatu
indikator terpenting bagi keberhasilan siswa terutama dalam belajar bahasa
asing. Dengan menguasai keterampilan berbiacara yang baik, siswa dapat
mengkomunikasikan ide-ide mereka, baik di sekolah mauppun dengan penutur asing,
dan juga menjaga hubungan baik dengan orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membaca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat banyak sekali pengertian tentang membaca,
namun ada satu yang disepakati oleh seluruh pakar membaca, yakni bahwasanya
unsure yang harus ada dalam kegiatan membaca yakni pemahaman (understanding).
Sebab kegiatan membaca tidak disertai dengan pemahaman bukanlah kegiatan
membaca.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tarigan (2008) menyatakan membaca ialah suatu proses
yang dilakukan serta digunakan oleh pembaca untuk memperoleh pesan yang hendak
disampaikan oleh penulis melalui media kata-kata atau bahasa tulis atau dengan
kata lain membaca adalah memetik serta memahami makna atau arti yang terkandung
didalam bahasa tulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Tarigan (2008), “Menulis merupakan suatu
keterampilan berbahasa yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi secara tidak
langsung, tidak secara tatap muka dengan orang lain”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin keterampilan menulis tidak didapat secara otomatis
melainkan perlu dilatih secara teratur dan berulangkali, karena karakter huruf
Bahasa Mandarin dengan Bahasa Indonesia sama sekali berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">METODE
PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Desain Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sesuai masalah yang diteliti,
maka desain penelitian peneliti gunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif dan
penelitian kualitatif. Menurut Bogdan dan Taylor yang dikutip oleh Moleong
(2007), penelitian kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data
deskriptif berupa kata-kata atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang dapat
diamati. Sedangkan penelitian kuantitatif menurut Sugiyono (2012) adalah metode
penelitian yang berlandaskan pada filsafat positivism, digunakan untuk meneliti
pada populasi atau sampel tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penelitian kuantitatif
digunakan untuk menganalisa prosentase dan jenis kesalahan mahasiswa prodi
Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya dalam penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”.
Penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi terjadinya kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Subjek Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam melakukan penelitian,
peneliti memilih 50 orang mahasiswa semester I, semester III, semester V dan
semester VII jurusan Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika sebagai sampel
penelitian. Peneliti memilih sampel penelitian mahasiswa semester I, semester
III, semester V dan semester VII karena peneliti melakukan penelitian pada saat
semester ganjil, selain itu karena peneliti memilih mahasiswa yang telah
menerima pelajaran tentang materi yang ingin peneliti teliti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Waktu Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 19 November 2014, dalam waktu
pukul 08.00 hingga 12.00, mengikuti jam kuliah prodi Bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya. Penelitian memakan waktu kurang lebih 10
menit per pelaksanaan, per kelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Instrumen Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah
obeservasi langsung pada mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya dalam mempelajari dan menggunakan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”, yang
juga melibatkan pengalaman peneliti sendiri mengenai masalah-masalah yang
pernah ditemui dalam proses pembelajaran dan penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” ini,
setelah itu menggunakan embar evaluasi dengan jumlah total 6 butir soal pilihan
benar () atau salah () tentang penggunaan kata Bahasa Mandarin “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Selain itu peneliti juga melakukan wawancara dengan para sampel
penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan mahasiswa
prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika dalam penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>3.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Teknik Pengumpulan Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam pengumpulan data, peneliti terlebih dahulu melakukan
observasi langsung mengenai situasi mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin Universitas
Widya Kartika Surabaya dalam mempelajari dan menggunakan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”,
dimana peneliti juga melibatkan pengaaman pribadi mengenai masalah-masalah yang
pernah diteemui dalam proses pembelajaran dan penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” ini.
Menurut Prof.Dr.Sugiyono dalam bukunya yang berjudul Metode Penelitian
Kualitatif Kuantitatif dan R & D (2009) menyatakan bahwa dari segi proses
pelaksanaan pengumpulan data, observasi dapat dibedakan menjadi participant
observation dan non participant observation, selanjutnya dari segi
instrumentasi yang digunakan, maka observasi dapat dibedakan menjadi observasi
terstruktur dan tidak terstruktur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dari observasi peneliti menemukan masalah-masalah serta jenis-jenis
kesalhan mengenai penggunaan kedua kata Bahasa Mandarin tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Setelah itu peneliti menggunakan teknik evaluasi. Menurut
Prof.H.M.Sukardi MS., Ph.D. (2008) “Evaluasi merupakan proses yang menentukan
kondisi, dimana evaluasi dengan tujuan suatu kegiatan yang mengukur derajat,
dimana suatu tujuan dapat dicapai. Sebenarnya evaluasi juga merupakan proses
memahami, memberi arti, mendapatkan dan mengkomunikasi suatu informasi bagi
keperluan pengambilan keputusan.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Peneliti melakukan penelitian menggunakan lembar evaluasi dengan
jumlah total 6 butir soal pilihan benar () atau salah () tentang penggunaan
kata Bahasa Mandarin “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”,
dibagikan ke 50 orang mahasiswa semester I, semester III, semester V dan
semester VII jurusan Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Selain itu peneliti juga melakukan wawancara dengan para sampel
penelitian. Menurut Lexy J. Moleong (2007), wawancara adalah percakapan dengan
maksud-maksud tertentu. Percakapan ini dilakukan oleh dua pihak yaitu
pewawancara (yang mengajukan pertanyaan) dan terwawancara (yang memberikan
jawaban atau pertanyaan itu). Wawancara dilakukan untuk mengetahui
faktor-faktor yang menpengaruhi kesalahan mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin di
Universitas Widya Kartika dalam penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kemudian hasil penelitian dikumpulan, diklasifikasi, dan dilaporkan
dalam bentuk deskriptif analisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>3.6<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Teknik Analisa Data<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam proses analisis data, peneliti menyajikan banyak jumlah
kesalahan yang dibuat sampel penelitian dalam bentuk table, dibagi ke dalam
jenis-jenis kesalahannya diikuti dengan jumlah kesalahan per jenis kesalahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kuantitatif data diperoleh dengan menganalisis prosentase jenis
kesalahan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMathPara><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
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</m:r><m:r>Kesala</m:r><m:r>h</m:r><m:r>an</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kemudian hasil prosentasi disajikan dalam bentuk diagram dan
jabaran analisisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kualitatif
data diperoleh dengan wawancara secara mendalam dengan sampel penelitian. Hasil
wawancara berupa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya kesalahan-kesalahan
penggunaan kata Bahasa Mandarin “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”. Hasil
wawancara disajikan dalam bentuk analisa deskriptif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">HASIL
DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jenis Kesalahan Penggunaan Kata “ </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pada penelitian yang diteliti
mengalami kesalahan yang sama dari setiap orang, yaitu susahnya menentukan
kapan harus menggunakan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan
kapan harus menggunakan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”, masih susah membedakan kedua kata ini karena
mereka merasa “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”
memiliki kesamaan dalam penggunaan yaitu untuk menandakan pengulangan kegiatan
atau kejadian. Sehingga membuat hal tersebut tertukar, seperti saat kalimat
tersebut menggunakan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”,
tetapi dimasukan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan begitu juga sebaliknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Prosentase Kesalahan Penggunaan Kata “ </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Berikut merupakan hasil kesalahan yang dilakukan mahasiswa prodi
Bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika tentang penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”
berdasarkan lembar evaluasi. Dalam setiap jenis kesalahan masing-masing
terdapat 2 buah soal yang dijadikan bahan evaluasi. Jumlah kesalahan yang
dilakukan adalah 107 soal dari 50 orang mahasiswa dan 6 soal. Oleh karena itu,
prosentase dari jumlah 300 soal, mahasiswa yang susah menentukan penggunaan
kata tersebut adalah 35,67%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>4.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kesalahan
Penggunaan Kata Keterangan “ </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Melalui proses penelitian berupa wawancara kepada
mahasiswa-mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya
mengenai penggunaan kata Bahasa Mandarin “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”,
peneliti menemukan beberapa alasan penyebab terjadinya kesalhan-kesalahan dalam
penggunaan kedua kata tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alasan pertama, yaitu alasan yang paling sering ditemui, adalah
karena merek merasa “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”
memiliki arti yang sama dalam Bahasa Indonesia yaitu “bisa”, dari sini mereka
mengaku susah menentukan kapan harus menggunakan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan
kapan harus menggunakan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”, masih susah membedakan kedua kata ini karena
mereka merasa “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”
memiliki kesamaan dalam penggunaan yaitu untuk menandakan pengulangan kegiatan
atau kejadian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Selain
itu penggunaan kata “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” dan “ </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">会</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">” ini
sendiri juga lebih rumit dibandingkan kata “bisa” dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang
cara pemakaiannya sederhana banyak membuat mahasiswa merasa kesulitan dalam
mengerti, mempelajari dan menggunakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mahasiswa
prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika ada beberapa yang masih
melakukan kesalahan yaitu susahnya untuk menentukan penggunaan kata tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dengan
adanya makalah ini, dapat mengetahui faktor penyebab kesalahan dalam penggunaan
kata tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Peneliti
menyarankan Mahasiswa prodi Bahasa Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika harus
lebih ditingkatkan laggi dalam proses pembelajarab agar mengurangi kesalahan
dalam penggunaan kata tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pengajar
Bahasa Mandarin juga disarakan untuk lebih memperhatikan Mahasiswa prodi Bahasa
Mandarin di Universitas Widya Kartika, agar tidak melakukan kesalahan dalam
penggunaan kata-kata tertentu. Karena tidak hanya dalam kata ini saja, tapi
masih banyak lagi kata-kata seperti ini yang dapat ditemui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-57983385746148899922014-12-17T20:45:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:45:44.344-08:00PENGAPLIKASIAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBAHASA MANDARIN BERPENGARUH PADA PENGUCAPAN SERTA PELAFALAN PADA ANAK TK TAMAN RINI SURABAYA<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB
1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Latar belakang masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memasuki era globalisasi seperti
sekarang ini peranan bahasa mandarin sangat penting. Apalagi sekarang menjadi
bahasa Internasional kedua setelah bahasa Inggris. Penggunaan bahasa Mandarin
sangat dibutuhkan guna memperlancar hubungan bisnis, studi,perdagangan, dan
pariwisata. Pentingnya mempelajari bahasa asing dijadikan sebagai suatu
persiapan demi meningkatkan kompetensi saat memasuki dunia kerja. Kesadaran ini
membuat banyak orang Indonesia tertarik mempelajari bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melihat perkembangan China yang ternyata
mampu mempengaruhi ekonomi dunia, maka Papar Kepala Sekolah mengambil langkah
memberikan materi Bahasa Mandarin mulai dari TK, SD, SMP, SMA. Belajar bahasa
asing, murid langsung bisa menghubungkan otak dengan lisan. Belajar bahasa
Mandarin, otak harus berhubungan dengan dua jurusan yang berbeda sekaligus,
yaitu: bunyi dan arti.Itulah sebabnya anak yang sejak kecil belajar bahasa
mandarin IQ’nya naik antara 15-20%. Dengan itu, diharapkan bahasa Mandarin
dapat dipelajari sejak kecil karena selain anak-anak lebih cepat dalam menyerap
pelajaran, bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa yang susah dan memiliki banyak
kosakata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TK Taman Rini Surabaya merupakan salah
satu TK yang menyadari pentingnya bahasa Mandarin. Oleh karena itu, Kepala
Sekolah TK Taman Rini memberikan kesempatan penulis untuk melaksanakan
penelitian di kelas nol besar (B) dan kelas nol kecil (A) dengan tujuan siswa TK
Taman Rini dapat mengenal dan mempelajari bahasa Mandarin dasar. Materi yang
diberikan sama, hanya metode pengajarannya yang berbeda. Karena di kelas A
belum seluruh siswa dapat membaca dan menulis, jadi siswa masih dibantu mengeja
pelafalan bahasa Mandarin dari ucapan guru dan dibantu dalam menulis huruf,
baik menulis <i>pinyin </i>maupun <i>hanzi</i>. Sedangkan siswa kelas B sudah
mempunyai kompetensi membaca dan menulis, jadi siswa tinggal memperdalam
pengucapan, cara menulis <i>hanzi </i>dan maknanya. Dan karena mata pelajaran
bahasa Mandarin baru pertama kali diajarkan di TK ini, jadi tidak tersedianya
buku panduan untuk disajikan. Maka, penulis mencari dan membuat sendiri materi
yang akan disampaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam pendidikan anak usia 4-6 tahun
khususnya Taman Kanak-kanak merupakan masa anak mengamati, mendengar dan
menirukan. Karena itu diperlukan metode pengajaran dan media pembelajaran dalam
upaya mengembangkan kemampuan dasar berbahasa. Tidak mudah memberikan pelajaran
bahasa Mandarin kepada siswa, agar mereka dapat menyukai dan <i>enjoy</i>
dengan bahasa Mandarin. Dengan pikiran yang dibuat setenang mungkin, santai,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan
terbuka sehingga bahan materi yang merangsang saraf penerima dapat diterima dan
dipertahankan untuk jangka waktu yang lama (Soenjono Dardjowidjojo,1996;63).
Untuk mempermudah siswa menerima pelajaran dibutuhkan media pembelajaran.
Anggani Sudono mengemukakan bahwa media pembelajaran atau sumber belajar adalah
bahan termasuk juga alat permainan untuk memberikan informasi maupun berbagai
keterampilan kepada siswa,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">misalnya
buku referensi, buku cerita, dan buku gambar-gambar. Dalam pelaksanaan proses
pembelajaran, penulis menggunakan media gambar dan permainan dalam penyampaian
materi bahasa Mandarin. Dengan menggunakan media gambar, siswa dapat menerima
dan mengerti maksud dari materi yang disampaikan. Dan khususnya memudahkan
siswa dalam menulis <i>hanzi</i>. Sedangkan dengan menggunakan media permainan,
siswa akan merasa senang, <i>enjoy</i>, antusias dan bersemangat untuk belajar,
sekaligus dapat memudahkan siswa untuk mengingat kosakata-kosakata yang
diberikan. Dengan memberikan pelajaran yang disertai media bantu, sebuah
pelajaran menjadi lebih menarik dan tidak membosankan, juga dapat memicu daya
kreatif anak. Dan lagi media gambar dan permainan sangat efisien dan efektif
dalam proses pembelajaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.2 Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perumusan masalah diperlukan guna
menegaskan masalah-masalah yang akan diteliti, sehingga memudahkan
pengerjaannya serta dapat mencapai sasaran yang diinginkan. Berdasarkan uraian
latar belakang di atas, maka penulis merumuskan masalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Apakah cerita gambar dalam
pengenalan bahasa Mandarin dapat efektif dan lebih mudah dipahami oleh siswa TK
Taman Rini?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Apa saja kendala yang dialami
selama proses belajar mengajar dan bagaiman solusinya?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.3
Tujuan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan penulis dalam penelitian ini
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Untuk mengetahui apakah media gambar dalam pengucapan dan pelafalan bahasa
Mandarin dasar dapat efektif dan lebih dipahami oleh siswa TK Taman Rini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Untuk mengetahui apa saja kendala yang dialami selama proses belajar mengajar
dan bagaimana solusinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.4 Manfaat
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Manfaat Teoretis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hasil penelitian
ini diharapkan dapat memperkaya khasanah keilmuan, dalam pembelajaran bahasa
Mandarin khususnya di TK Taman Rini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Manfaat Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Hasil penelitian ini
diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangan pemikiran yang bermanfaat guna menambah
khasanah kepustakaan di bidang pengetahuan khususnya bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Dapat menjadi acuan (<i>referensi)
</i>bagi pihak yang berkepentingan dalam penelitian yang akan datang apabila
bidang penelitiannya sama dengan yang penulis teliti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.5 Metode
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode penting
sekali kegunaannya dalam penelitian. Metode penelitian merupakan suatu cara
untuk memperoleh data yang lengkap dan dapat dipercaya kebenarannya sehingga
hasil penelitian tersebut dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara ilmiah dan tujuan
dari penelitian dapat dicapai. Adapun jenis metode penelitian sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a. Observasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknik
pengumpulan data dengan cara melakukan pengamatan dan pencatatan secara
langsung di lapangan terhadap objek penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b. Wawancara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknik
pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan informan yang terkait dengan tema
penelitian yang bersifat informal kepada Kepala Sekolah, Guru pamong, dan
Siswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c. Studi Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknik
Pengumpulan data dengan cara mempelajari referensi atau buku yang berkaitan
dengan masalah yang diteliti untuk mendapatkan data yang akan digunakan sebagai
landasan dalam membahas kenyataan yang ditemui dalam penelitian dan
mempertanggungjawabkan evaluasi dalam pembahasan masalah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB
2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">LANDASAN
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.1 Rewiew Hasil
Peneltian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisa Keefektivan Penggunaan Metode Drill dan Permainan dalam
Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin untuk Siswa Kelas VIIC SMP Kristen Gloria 2
Surabaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Analisa Kesalahan Penggunaan Kata </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> “bu” dan </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">没</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> “mei” pada Siswa kelas 4 dan 5 SDK Wijana
Sejati Mojokerto</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Penggunaan Teknik Membaca Drill Guna
Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa terhadap Kosakata Pelajaran Bahasa Mandarin pada
Siswa Kelas VB SD YPPI 2 Donokerto Surabaya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran pada Pembelajaran
Tata Bahasa Mandarin untuk Siswa Kelas VC SD Gloria Pakuwon City Surabaya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Analisa Kesalahan dalam Penggunaan kata
keterangan “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">再</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” dan “</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” pada Mahasiswa Prodi Mandarin di Universitas
Widya Kartika Surabaya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2 Belajar
Bahasa Asing Kedua<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.1.1 Pengertian Belajar Bahasa
Asing Kedua<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggunaan bahasa ibu atau bahasa
pertama kali adalah suatu hal yang wajar dan ilmiah. Seorang anak pada umur
kurang lebih lima tahun sering disebut “<i>Akil Baliq secara bahasa” </i>(Linguistically
Adult) sudah lancar dan mantap dalam berbahasa ibu,baik dalam lafal, tata
bahasa maupun penggunaan kalimat dalam percakapan. Sedangkan belajar bahasa
kedua yaitu bahasa diluar bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa asing adalah bahasa yang
dipakai oleh orang asing yaitu kelompok orang atau masyarakat diluar
lingkungannya, misalkan: bahasa Inggris, Mandarin, Jepang, Arab dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Belajar bahasa bukan hanya kegiatan
menghafal, tetapi juga mencoba mengerti arti dan kegunaan bahasa tersebut dalam
bahasa tulis dan lisan. Menurut paham Behaviorisme, belajar harus berlangsung
dalam lima tahap yaitu a. Trial and Error b. Mengingat-ingat c. Meniru d.
Mengasosiasikan e. Menganalogi ( Pranomo, 1996:21 ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yang dimaksud dengan bahasa kedua adalah
bahasa yang tidak diperoleh seseorang secara wajar dari kecil (M.F. Baradja,
1990:21). Pemerolehan bahasa kedua diartikan dengan mengajar dan belajar bahasa
asing dan atau bahasa kedua lainnya (Henry Guntur Tarigan, 1988:125).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Belajar bahasa kedua (bahasa Inggris,
bahasa Mandarin, bahasa Jepang, bahasa Arab, dan sebagainya) pada umumnya
dilakukan secara formal, yaitu di kelas bersama seorang guru dengan menggunakan
buku teks tertentu. Hakikat belajar bahasa kedua tidak sama dengan belajar
bahasa pertama. Belajar bahasa pertama dimulai dari “nol” (pembelajar belum menguasai
bahasa apa pun) dan perkembangan pemerolehan bahasa ini berjalan seiring dengan
perkembangan fisik dan psikisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Bialystok, dalam belajar bahasa
kedua terdapat tiga macam ilmu pengetahuan <i>(knowledge) </i>dalam proses
belajar bahasa kedua, yaitu <i>Input,</i> <i>Knowledge, </i>dan <i>Output. </i>Pembelajar
jika ingin berhasil dalam belajar bahasa kedua harus memiliki pengalaman <i>(language
exposure) </i>dan ini disebut <i>Input.</i> Kemudian, segala macam informasi
dan pengalaman yang diperoleh si pembelajar harus disimpan di suatu tempat yang
disebut <i>Knowledge. </i>Dan akhirnya sampailah pada <i>Output, </i>yaitu
kemampuan untuk memahami dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mengutarakan
isi hati (M.F. Baradja, 1990: 23-24; Bialystok, 1980: 46).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.1.2 Tinjauan Tentang Kosakata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kosakata merupakan semua kata yang
terdapat dalam suatu bahasa, kekayaan kata yang dimiliki oleh seorang pembicara
atau penulis. Kata yang dipakai dalam suatu bidang ilmu pengetahuan ( TIM
penyusun Kamus Pusat Bahasa, 1995 : 327), sedangkan menurut Zainuddin (1992 :
8), kosakata digunakan untuk mewakili suatu nama, sifat, bentuk dan jenis
benda, bisa menggunakan kesatuan bahasa yang bermakna, yang disebut kata atau kelompok
kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kualitas keterampilan berbahasa
seseorang jelas bergantung kepada kualitas dan kuantitas yang dimilikinya.
Semakin besar kosakata yang dimiliki semakin besar pula kemungkinan terampil
berbahasa. Sehingga bisa dikatakan bahwa kuantitas dan kualitas, tingkatan dan
kedalaman kosakata seseorang merupakan indeks pribadi yang terbaik bagi perkembangan
mentalnya (Tarigan, 1993 : 2-3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2
Suggestopedia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2.1
Sejarah Perkembangan Suggestopedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Metode ini dirintis pada musim panas
tahun 1975 di Bulgaria ketika sekelompok peminat di Institut Penelitian
Pedagogy di bawah Georgi Lozanow melakukan penelitian mengenai pengajaran
bahasa asing. Pada awal perkembangannya, suggestopedia hanya dicoba di negara-negara
Eropa Timur seperti Uni Soviet, Jerman Timur, dan Hongaria (Soenjono
Dardjowidjojo, 1996:62). Menurut Lozanow, sebagai landasan yang paling dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">suggestopedia
adalah <i>suggestology</i>, yakni suatu konsep yang menyuguhkan suatu pandangan
bahwa manusia bisa diarahkan untuk melakukan sesuatu dengan memberikannya
sugesti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pikiran harus dibuat setenang mungkin,
santai, dan terbuka sehingga bahan-bahan yang merangsang saraf penerimaan bisa
dengan mudah diterima dan dipertahankan untuk jangka waktu yang lama (Soenjono
Dardjowidjojo, 1996:63).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri metode ini mencakup suasana
sugestif di tempat penerapannya, dengan cahaya yang lemah lembut, musik yang
sayup-sayup, dekorasi ruangan yang ceria, tempat duduk yang menyenangkan, dan
teknikteknik dramatik yang dipergunakan oleh guru dalam penyajian bahan
pembelajaran. Semua itu secara total bertujuan membuat para pembelajar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">santai,
yang memungkinkan mereka membuka hati untuk belajar bahasa dalam suatu model
yang tidak menekan atau membebani para siswa. (Richards dan Rodgers, 1993:142).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2.2
Teknik Pelaksanaan Pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Teknik pelaksanaan pengajaran bahasa
dengan suggestopedia sangat unik. Untuk kelas yang intensif, pembelajar bertemu
selama empat jam sehari, enam kali seminggu, untuk jangka waktu satu bulan.
Ostrander dan Schruder yang menyatakan bahwa suggestopedia bisa menghasilkan
sampai 50 kali lebih baik daripada metode lain (Bancroft dalam Soenjono
Dardjowidjojo, 1996:66).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (1996:66)
memberikan kritik yang realistis terhadap penerapan suggestopedia. Menurutnya,
apabila metode ini diterapkan di Indonesia maka akan terjadi pertentangan
antara prinsip dasar suggestopedia dengan realitas yang dihadapi para guru di
sekolah. Sebagai guru bahasa di sekolah, mereka harus mengikuti suatu sistem
kurikulum yang berlaku, dan sudah tentu sekolah tidak mungkin menyediakan ruang
yang besar untuk gerakan fisik siswa atau pun ruangan yang nyaman dengan music
klasik, dekorasi ruang yang cerah, dan persyaratan penciptaan kondisi
suggestopedia lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.2.3
Suggestopedia Bersifat Humanistik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut Stevick (dalam Muljanto Sumardi,
1996:20), pendekatan pengajaran bahasa yang mengutamakan peranan siswa dan
berorientasi pada kebutuhan siswa disebut pendekatan yang bersifat humanistik.
Dan menurut Stevick, pengajaran bahasa dianggap tidak bersifat humanistik
apabila siswa belajar hanya karena tradisi atau karena kemauan orang lain, atau
apabila proses belajar mengajar dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh guru. Tidak ada
komunikasi antara guru dan siswa, antara siswa dengan siswa yang lain. Siswa
datang ke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sekolah
dengan rasa tegang, takut membuat kesalahan, atau takut akan disalahkan guru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Muljanto Sumardi, 1996:23) mengemukakan
mengenai beberapa cirri pendekatan yang bersifat humanistik, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Melibatkan siswa seutuhnya dan memberi peranan lebih besar kepada siswa,
induktif pendekatannya dan non korektif. Yang terakhir ini artinya bahwa
membuat kesalahan dalam proses belajar itu wajar dan koreksi itu dilakukan
nanti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Pendekatan ini menganjurkan dan menggalakkan situasi komunikatif dan mencoba
menciptakan suasana dan rasa kebersamaan. Banyak guru setuju bahwa rasa takut
dan bosan adalah musuh utama <i>learning. </i>Rasa gembira dan tenang merupakan
prasyarat bagi proses belajar yang efektif dan cepat. Ini berarti bahwa dalam
mempelajari bahasa siswa harus merasa aman, tak terancam, santai, dan juga
tertarik pada pelajaran dan merasa terlibat dalam berbagai kegiatan yang
bermakna dalam bahasa yang dipelajarinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3
Media Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3.1
Pengertian media pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kata media berasal dari kata medium yang
secara harfiah artinya perantara atau pengantar. Menurut Purnamawati dan
Eldarni (2001 : 4) yaitu: “media adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat digunakan
untuk menyalurkan pesan dari pengirim ke penerima sehingga dapat merangsang
pikiran, perasaan, perhatian dan minat siswa sedemikian rupa sehingga terjadi
proses belajar”. Dalam dunia pengajaran, pada umumnya pesan atau informasi
tersebut berasal dari sumber informasi, yaitu guru, sedangkan penerima
informasinya adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">siswa.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anggani Sudono mengemukakan bahwa media
pembelajaran atau sumber belajar adalah bahan termasuk juga alat permainan
untuk memberikan informasi maupun berbagai keterampilan kepada siswa; antara
lain buku referensi, buku cerita, gambar-gambar, nara sumber, benda atau
hasil-hasil budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3.2
Manfaat media pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu
dalam proses belajar dan pembelajaran adalah suatu kenyataan yang tidak bisa
kita pungkiri keberadaannya. Guru sadar bahwa tanpa bantuan media, maka materi
pembelajaran sukar untuk dicerna dan dipahami oleh siswa, terutama materi
pembelajaran yang rumit dan komplek. Manfaat media dalam proses pembelajaran
(Arif S. Sadiman 1996) adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.
Dapat memperjelas penyampaian pesan agar tidak bersifat verbalitas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(dalam
bentuk kata-kata tertulis atau lisan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
Mengatasi keterbatasan ruang, waktu, daya indra: objek kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c.
Dapat mengatasi sifat pasif anak didik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d.
Media pengajaran dapat menarik dan memperbesar perhatian anak didik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">terhadap
materi pengajaran yang disajikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">e.
Menimbulkan rangsangan dan motivasi siswa untuk belajar mandiri sesuai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kemampuan
dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3.3
Prinsip memilih media pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada beberapa prinsip yang perlu
diperhatikan dalam pemilihan mediapembelajaran, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.
media yang dipilih hendaknya selalu menunjang tercapainya tujuan pengajaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
media yang dipilih hendaknya disenangi guru dan siswa yang disesuaikan dengan
kemampuan siswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c.
media yang digunakan hendaknya tepat kegunaan dan tujuannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d.
media yang dipilih hendaknya memang tersedia, artinya alat/bahannya atau
tersedia waktu untuk mempersiapkan dan mempergunakannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.3.4
Jenis<b>-</b>jenis Media<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada berbagai macam jenis media yang
lazim digunakan dalam pembelajaran, diantaranya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.
Media grafis termasuk media visual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media grafis berfungsi untuk menyalurkan
pesan dari sumber ke penerima pesan. Saluran yang dipakai menyangkut indera
penglihatan. Media ini banyak jenisnya seperti gambar(foto), sketsa, diagram,
bagan(<i>chart</i>), garifk(<i>graphs</i>), papan panel, papan buletin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b.
Media audio, yang berkaitan dengan pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ada beberapa jenis media yang dapat
dikelompokan dalam media audio, antara lain radio, alat perekam pita magnetik,
piringan hitam dan laboratorium bahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c.
Media Proyeksi diam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa jenis media proyeksi diam
antara lain: Film bingkai (<i>slide</i>), Film rangkai, <i>Overhead
transparancy </i>(OHT), <i>Overhead projector </i>(OHP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">d.
Media cetak seperti buku, surat kabar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.4 Kesimpulan
Sementara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Dari
bab 2 ini dapat diperoleh kesimpulan sementara yaitu sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media
pembelajaran dalam mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin serta melafalkan Bahasa Mandarin
sangatlah banyak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa
Mandarin sangatlah penting karena Bahasa Mandarin merupakan Bahasa Internasional
kedua setelah Bahasa Inggris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa
Mandarin sangatlah penting sehingga harus diajarkan kepada anak-anak mulai
sejak kecil karena anak kecil lebih mudah menirukan pelafalan dan sugesti yang
diberikan oleh orang dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB 3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1 Mempelajari
pengucapan Dalam Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara pengucapan dalam bahasa
Mandarin sangat penting. Cara pengucapan adalah landasan untuk bisa menguasai
bahasa Mandarin. Maka, ingin belajar bahasa Mandarin harus memahami cara
pengucapannya dulu. Cara pengucapan dalam bahasa Mandarin tidak terlepas dari
yang disebut sebagai Pin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa
yang tidak menggunakan abjad latin dalam sistem penulisannya, oleh karena itu
tanpa adanya sistem penulisan latin akan sulit bagi orang asing untuk
mempelajari bahasa Mandarin. Maka pada tahun 1958 pemerintah Cina secara resmi
menggunakan sistem fonetik pinyin, yang dibuat oleh Lembaga Pembaharuan Tulisan
(LPT) Republik Rakyat Cina (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中国文字改革委员会</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/
zhōng guó wén zì gǎi gé wěi yuán huì) sebagai sistem penulisan latinnya. Sistem
fonetik pinyin mempermudah pemelajar asing yang hanya menguasai huruf latin.
Saat ini pinyin telah digunakan pada banyak tempat seperti pada sistem
pengetikan huruf han di komputer, telepon genggam, petunjuk jalan, bahan ajar,
software komputer, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk penulisan pinyin paling
sedikit terdiri dari satu suku kata, dan setiap suku kata terdiri dari huruf
vokal (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">声母</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/shēng mǔ) dan huruf
konsonan </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(韵母</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/yùn mǔ</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan nada (</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">声调</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/ shēng diào) yang diletakkan di atas
huruf vokal. Bentuk suku yin(</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拼音</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa itu Pinyin ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kata pinyin dapat berupa huruf vokal saja
seperti : a, e, ai, ei, ao, ou, atau terdiri dari huruf konsonan dan vokal,
seperti : ba, mu, na, le, ti dan dapat juga terdiri dari huruf vokal dan konsonan,
seperti : en, er.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>3.2
Cara Melafalkan Pinyin<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Pinyin
memiliki vokal dan konsonan. Cara pelafalan vokal lebih kurang sama dengan
pelafalan vokal dalam bahasa Indonesia, namun untuk konsonan memiliki perbedaan
yang cukup jauh dengan bahasa Indonesia, berikut adalah bentuk konsonan dalam
Pinyin :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Suara bibir (bilabial) : b p m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Suara gigi atas dan bibir bawah (labio dental) :
f<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Suara ujung Lidah (apico dental) : d t n l<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Suara pangkal lidah (dorso velar) : g k h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Suara badan lidah : j q x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Suara lidah ditekuk ke langit-langit mulut (apico
palatal) : zh ch sh r<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Suara lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (lamino
dental) : z c s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3
Vokal Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Vokal
dalam pinyin memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan vokal dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Vokal
dalam pinyin juga memiliki vokal tunggal, vokal ganda dan vokal dengung/nasal.
Berikut adalah penjelasan mengenai cara pelafalan vokal pinyin :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">o. Vokal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara Pelafalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. a dilafalkan a, seperti dalam kata “aku”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. i dilafalkan i, seperti dalam kata
“ibu”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. u dilafalkan u, seperti dalam kata
“udara”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. e dilafalkan e, seperti dalam kata
“entah”, dan dapat dilafalkan seperti e dalam kata “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. o dilafalkan o, seperti dalam kata
“orang”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. ü disebut sebagai ü umlaut,
pengucapannya terlebih dahulu lafalkan vokal i, kemudian rubah posisi mulut
menjadi vokal u.Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. ai lafalkan vokal a terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal i. seperti “ai” dalam kata “belai”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. ei lafalkan vokal e terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal i. seperti “ei” dalam kata “hei!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. ao lafalkan vokal a terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal o. seperti “ao” dalam kata “row” bahasa
Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. ou lafalkan vokal o terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal u. seperti “ou” dalam kata “o..ow!!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11. ia lafalkan vokal i terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal a. seperti “ia” dalam kata “ya!!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12. ie lafalkan vokal i terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal e dalam kata “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">13. iao lafalkan vokal i terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal ao. seperti dalam lafal “yao”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">14. ua lafalkan vokal u terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal a. seperti dalam lafal “wa”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15. uo lafalkan vokal u terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal o. seperti dalam lafal “wo”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">16. uai lafalkan vokal u terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal ai. seperti dalam lafal “wai”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">17. üe lafalkan vokal ü terlebih dahulu, lalu
posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal e dalam kata “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18. an lafalkan seperti dalam kata “anjing”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">19. en lafalkan seperti dalam kata “entah”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">20. ang lafalkan seperti dalam kata “angka”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">21. eng lafalkan seperti dalam kata “enggak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">22. ong lafalkan vokal o terlebih dahulu lalu
tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan eng.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">23. ian=ien lafalkan vokal i terlebih dahulu
lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal an yang dilafalkan seperti kata
en dalam “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">24. in lafalkan seperti dalam kata “internet”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">25. iang lafalkan seperti dalam kata “yang”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">26. ing lafalkan seperti dalam kata “inggris”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">27. iong=iung lafalkan vokal i terlebih dahulu lalu
tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal ong. lafalkan seperti yung dalam
kata “gayung”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">28. uan lafalkan seperti dalam kata “awan”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">29. uang lafalkan seperti dalam kata “uang”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">30. ueng lafalkan seperti dalam lafal “weng”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">31. üan lafalkan vokal ü terlebih dahulu lalu
tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal an<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">32. ün lafalkan vokal ü terlebih dahulu lalu
tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal en<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">BAB 4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bab ini berisi
kesimpulan dari hasil analisis bab-bab sebelumnya. Serta saran untuk menjadikan
langkah lebih maju dan lebih baik dalam menganalisi suatu masalah. Berdasarkan
pembahasan bab sebelumnya, dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Apabila terjadi kesalahan dalam posisi
pelafalan dan cara pelafalan, maka lafal yang dihasilkan akan kurang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Media gambar dalam proses Kegiatan
Belajar Mengajar dapat memotivasikan siswa TK Taman Rini dalam belajar bahasa Mandarin.
Siswa dapat menulis dan menghafal hanzi dengan media gambar. Media permainan
dapat menciptakan situasi kelas menjadi demokratis dan terbuka, sehingga
membuat siswa nyaman berada dikelas dan berani mengeksplorasikan diri. Hal ini
terbukti dari hasil evaluasi disetiap pertemuannya. Hasil yang diperoleh siswa
rata-rata baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.2 Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adapun saran-saran tersebut
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyediaan
sarana penunjang yang memadai dalam belajar bahasa Mandarin, seperti buku-buku pelajaran dari
penerbit yang telah diakui bukunya atau bahan bacaan untuk mendukung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Para
guru di TK Taman Rini harus sering memberi pelatihan kepada para siswanya agar
mereka dapat melafalkan bahasa mandarin dengan tepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Media
yang digunakan harus bisa membuat para siswa untuk dapat semakin meningkatan
kemampuan dalam berbahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-48291480130912367552014-12-17T20:44:00.001-08:002014-12-17T20:44:33.836-08:00PENINGKATAN BELAJAR BAHASA MANDARIN di KALANGAN PELAJAR <br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB I <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam menjalani
kehidupan bermasyarakat biasanya kita menggunakan bahasa sebagai alat
komunikasi. Fungsi bahasa yang terutama adalah sebagai alat untuk bekerja sama
atau berkomunikasi di dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Untuk berkomunikasi
sebenarnya dapat juga digunakan cara lain, misalnya isyarat , lambang – lambang
gambar atau kode – kode tertentu lainnya. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tetapi dengan bahasa komunikasi dapat berlangsung lebih
baik dan lebih sempurna. Setiap bahasa sebenarnya mempunyai ketetapan atau
kesamaan dalam hal tata bunyi, tata bentuk, tata kata, tata kalimat, dan tata
makna. Berdasarkan hal tersebut terbentuklah keragaman bahasa. Salah satunya
adalah ragam bahasa yang digunakan secara lisan yang biasa disebut bahasa
lisan. Lawannya, ragam bahasa yang digunakan secara tertulis, atau yang biasa
disebut bahasa tulisan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Mandarin adalah
salah satu bahasa asing yang banyak dipelajari di Indonesia. Kemampuan manusia
untuk menguasai lebih dari satu bahasa merupakan suatu kelebihan. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Di Republik Rakyat China, masyarakat disana menggunakan
bahasa Mandarin untuk berkomunikasi. Pemakaian bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi
dapat digunakan sarana komunikasi antar Negara, antar daerah dalam kelompok
atau komunitas tertentu. Selanjutnya akan memnyebabkan bahasa itu lebih berkembang
dan menyebar. Dampak perkembangan tersebut, bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi
dapat dipengaruhi secara positif dan negatif. Secara positif bahasa itu
berkembang sesuai dengan fungsi dan peranannya. Secara negatif, bahasa itu
dapat terpengaruh oleh kesalahan baik tata aturan dan kaidah bahasa yang
digunakan secara lisan ataupun tata cara penulisan bahasa itu. Tetapi di Negara
tersebut, masyarakatnya tidak menyebutkan bahasa Mandarin melainkan Hanzi. Ini
sesuai dengan kisah sejarah Negara tersebut di masa lampau. Karena mereka
mempunyai beberapa dinasti yang terlukis dalam sejarah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Dalam mempelajari suatu pengetahuan biasanya kita
mempunyai peluang untuk melakukan kesalahan. Belajar bahasa sama seperti
mempelajari bahasa pada diri sendiri. Ketidak tepatan maksud dari apa yang kita
jelaskan sering terjadi dalam berkomunikasi. Banyak faktor – faktor yang
menyebabkan hal tersebut. Dalam konteks kebahasaan hal tersebut disebut juga
kesalahan berbahasa. Kesalahan berbahasa sering terjadi karena ketidak tahuan pengguna
bahasa dalam </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">mengatur tata bahasa yang
benar. Ada juga faktor – faktor lain yang membuat pengguna bahasa membuat
kesalahan berbahasa. Analisis yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
analisis kesalahan. Menurut Ellis (1986:296) mengatakan “analisis kesalahan
adalah suatu prosedur kerja yang biasa digunakan oleh para peneliti dan guru
bahasa, yang meliputi pengumpulan sampel, pengenditifikasian kesalahan yang
terdapat dalam sampel, penjelasan kesalahan tersebut, pengklasifikasian
kesalahan berdasarkan penyebabnya, serta pengevaluasian atau penilaian
keseriusan kesalahan itu”. Kesalahan itu tidak perlu dianggap sebagai
kegagalan. Sebaliknya dari sudut pandang pendidikan, kesalahan – kesalahan itu
merupakan bagian penting dari memperoleh bahasa atau pembelajaran bahasa.
Kesalahan berbahasa tidak semuanya dapat diramalkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Kemalasan para pelajar pun juga nilainya sangat tinggi. Kemalasan
mereka akibatnya berpengaruh pada nilai kognitif pelajar tersebut. Para
pengajar Bahasa Mandarin pun meresahkan keadaan seperti ini. Pelajar sekarang
mengalami kemalasan dalam hal menghafal aksara Bahasa Mandarin dengan
goresan-goresan yang rumit dan susah dipahami. Itu lah penyebab pelajar malas
belajar Bahasa Mandarin. Para orang tua mereka juga menginginkan para anak
dapat memahami bahasa asing dengan sempurna. Tetapi anak mereka yang tidak suka
mendalami bahasa asing karena pemahaman yang sulit dan dukungan dari kegiatan
sehari-hari pula yang menyebabkan mereka menjadi pesimis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Bagaimana
cara meningkatkan pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin di kalangan pelajar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Faktor
– faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan terjadinya kemalasan belajar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Tujuan
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam melakukan penelitian
pasti seorang peneliti mempunyai tujuan mengapa melakukan penelitian tersebut.
Karena sebuah penelitian di lakukan berdasarkan sebuah pertanyaan yang belum
diketahui jawabannya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk
mengetahui bagaimana cara untuk meningkatkan pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui faktor – faktor apa saja yang
menyebabkan terjadinya kemalasan para pelajar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 205%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Manfaat
Penelitian</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Manfaat yang dapat diambil dari hasil penelitian ini
adalah : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk menambah pengetahuan para pembaca tentang
peningkatan pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui data kemalasan pelajar yang
diperoleh dalam penelitian ini serta penyebab terjadinya kemalasan agar tidak
terulang kembali di kemudian hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB II</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Konsep dan Landasan Teori <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Penggunaan konsep dalam sebuah penelitian sangat
diperlukan. Konsep dapat dijadikan batasan penelitian yang akan dilakukan.
Pengertian konsep dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2003:588) adalah gambaran
mental dari suatu objek, proses, atau apapun yang ada di luar bahasa, yang
digunakan oleh akal budi untuk memahami hal-hal lain. Sesuai dengan judul yang
diambil dalam penelitian ini, maka konsep penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Malas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/cara-mengatasi-penyakit-malas/" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rasa malas</span></i></b></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>sejatinya merupakan sejenis penyakit
mental. Siapa pun yang dihinggapi rasa malas akan kacau kinerjanya dan ini
jelas-jelas sangat merugikan. Sukses dalam karir, bisnis, dan kehidupan umumnya
tidak pernah datang pada orang yang malas. Rasa malas juga menggambarkan
hilangnya motivasi seseorang untuk melakukan pekerjaan atau apa yang
sesungguhnya dia inginkan.<br />
Menurut (Edy Zaqeus: 2008) Rasa malas diartikan sebagai keengganan seseorang
untuk melakukan sesuatu yang seharusnya atau sebaiknya dia lakukan. Masuk dalam
keluarga besar rasa malas adalah menolak tugas, tidak disiplin, tidak tekun,
rasa sungkan, suka menunda sesuatu, mengalihkan diri dari kewajiban,dll.
Pendapat lain menyebutkan bahwa malas juga merupakan salah satu bentuk perilaku
negatif yang merugikan. Pasalnya pengaruh malas ini cukup besar terhadap
produktivitas. Karena malas, seseorang seringkali tidak produktif bahkan
mengalami stag. Badan terasa lesu, semangat dan gairah menurun, ide pun tak
mengalir. Akibatnya tidak ada kekuatan apapun yang membuat Anda bisa bekerja.
Kalau dibiarkan saja, penyakit malas ini akan semakin ‘kronis’.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pada era globalisasi, perilaku malas sangat merugikan.
Sebab, pada era ini berlaku nilai siapa yang mampu dan produktif, dialah yang
akan berhasil. Tapi tentu saja, perilaku ini bukanlah kartu mati yang tidak
bisa diubah. Menurut pakar psikologi, seseorang berperilaku malas terhadap
pekerjaan atau suatu kegiatan disebabkan karena dia tidak memiliki motivasi
yang kuat setiap kali mengerjakan sesuatu. Seorang yang malas bekerja,
motivasinya terhadap pekerjaan tersebut sangat rendah. Sikapnya terhadap
pekerjaan itu cenderung negatif akibat persepsi yang diberikannya terhadap
pekerjaan itu kurang baik. Ini lantaran sistem nilai yang ada dalam dirinya
membuat dia berperilaku malas untuk melakukan pekerjaan itu. Sementara terhadap
pekerjaan lainnya mungkin tidak begitu.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<em><b>Jadi, perilaku malas merupakan hasil
suatu bentukan.</b></em><o:p></o:p></div>
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Artinya, perilaku itu bisa dibentuk kembali menjadi baik
atau tidak malas. Pembentukan kembali perilaku seseorang tadi sebetulnya sangat
dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan sekitarnya, bisa orang tua, teman, atau orang lain
di sekitarnya. So, dalam mengubah perilaku seseorang, yang paling mendasar
adalah mengubah persepsinya. Untuk itu, perlu mempelajari dan mengambil sistem
nilai yang bisa mengubah persepsinya atau memberikan sistem nilai lain yang
baru baginya.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Menurut Dollard & Miller, psikolog asal AS, perilaku
manusia terbentuk karena faktor ‘kebiasaan’. Jika seseorang terbiasa bersikap
rajin dan bersemangat maka ia akan selalu rajin dan bersemangat, begitu juga
sebaliknya. Sehingga jika Anda tergolong pemalas, jalan untuk merubahnya adalah
dengan membiasakan diri untuk melawan sikap malas. Dollard & Miller
menambahkan, ‘teori belajar’ juga cocok untuk merubah sikap malas. Belajar
disini dijabarkan ‘memberikan stimulus (rangsangan) agar terbentuk respons
sehingga menimbulkan drive atau dorongan untuk berperilaku. Dan kalau berhasil,
Anda akan mendapatkan reward atau imbalan.<br />
Rasa malas jelas merugikan. Obat mujarabnya adalah menumbuhkan kebiasaan
disiplin diri dan menjaga kebiasaan positif tersebut. Sekalipun seseorang
memiliki cita-cita atau impian yang besar, jika kemalasannya mudah muncul, maka
cita-cita atau impian besar itu akan tetap tinggal di alam impian. Jadi, kalau
Anda ingin sukses, jangan mempermudah munculnya rasa malas.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Menurut Winkel,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/" target="_blank" title="Belajar Psikologi"><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Belajar</span></em></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;"> </span></span><span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">adalah semua aktivitas mental atau psikis yang berlangsung
dalam interaksi aktif dalam lingkungan, yang menghasilkan perubahan-perubahan
dalam pengelolaan pemahaman.</span> Menurut Ernest R. Hilgard dalam (Sumardi Suryabrata,
1984:252)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/pengertian-belajar-menurut-ahli/" target="_blank" title="belajar"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">belajar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan proses perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja,
yang kemudian menimbulkan perubahan, yang keadaannya berbeda dari perubahan
yang ditimbulkan oleh lainnya. Sifat perubahannya relatif permanen, tidak akan kembali
kepada keadaan semula. Tidak bisa diterapkan pada perubahan akibat situasi
sesaat, seperti perubahan akibat kelelahan, sakit, mabuk, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sedangkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/pengertian-belajar-menurut-ahli/" target="_blank" title="Pengertian Belajar"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Pengertian Belajar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>menurut Gagne dalam bukunya<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">The Conditions of</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></span><span class="v35b7im"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Learning</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>1977, belajar merupakan sejenis
perubahan yang diperlihatkan dalam perubahan tingkah laku, yang keadaaannya
berbeda dari sebelum individu berada dalam situasi belajar dan sesudah melakukan
tindakan yang serupa itu. Perubahan terjadi akibat adanya suatu pengalaman
atau latihan. Berbeda dengan perubahan serta-merta
akibat refleks atau perilaku yang bersifat naluriah.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Moh. Surya (1981:32),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/pengertian-belajar-menurut-ahli/" target="_blank" title="definisi belajar"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">definisi belajar</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah suatu proses usaha yang dilakukan individu untuk
memperoleh suatu perubahan tingkah laku yang baru keseluruhan, sebagai hasil
pengalaman individu itu sendiri dalam<a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/pengertian-interaksi-sosial/" target="_blank" title="interaksi sosial"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #222222; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #222222; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">interaksinya</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dengan
lingkungan. Kesimpulan yang bisa diambil dari kedua pengertian di atas, bahwa
pada prinsipnya, belajar adalah perubahan dari diri seseorang.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE">Bahasa Mandarin adalah bahasa nasional yang
digunakan di Negara China. Bahasa Mandarin mempunyai ciri tertentu dari
intonasi dan aksaranya</span><span lang="DE">.</span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan
Teori<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam peningkatan
pembelajaran para pelajar, pengajar butuh waktu untuk mengarahkan siswanya agar
peningkatan keseriusan belajar para pelajar menjadi meningkat dengan
signifikan. Pelajar pun juga dibutuhkan keseriusan dalam memahami aksara
Mandarin yang terkenal rumit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dalam memecahkan masalah
penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif
dengan memberikan gambaran mengenai suatu gejala kesalahan penggunaan kata
dalam bahasa mandarin. Metode penelitian deskriptif yaitu memberikan gambaran
atau uraian atas suatu keadaan sejelas mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tujuan utama digunakannya
metode ini adalah untuk menggambarkan sifat suatu keadaan yang sementara
berjalan pada saat penelitian dilakukan dan untuk memeriksa sebab-sebab dari
suatu gejala tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Pengumpulan Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Untuk lebih mendapatkan data-data yang berhubungan dengan
judul ini, maka penulisan melakukan pencarian data (survey buku) yakni
menghimpun data-data dari berbagai perpustakaan atau Library Research. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Library
Research” merupakan suatu kegiatan yang diperlukan untuk memecahkan masalah
penelitian ini. Hal yang dikutip dari kepustakaan ini adalah mengutip masalah
yang berkaitan dengan topik ini, teori-teorinya dan penarikan kesimpulan serta
saran yang ada.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Data yang diambil dari buku-buku kepustakaan ini serta
referensinya dianalisis untuk mendapatkan saran dan kesimpulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
dan Sumber Data</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber dan data
penunjang untuk menyelesaikan penelitian ini adalah buku – buku yang
berhubungan dengan peningkatan pembelajaran dan Bahasa Mandarin. </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Serta buku – buku ataupun jurnal – jurnal yang berhubungan
dengan judul penelitian ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">BAB IV</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
dan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab empat ini berisi
tentang hasil dan pembahasan penelitian yaitu mengenai analisis kemalasan
pelajar dalam memahami huruf aksara Mandarin yang sulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penelitian ini akan mendeskripsikan mengenai kemalasan
peajar dalam belajar huruf aksara Mandarin yang mempengaruhi peningkatan nilai
maupun prestasi. Sesuai dengan judul penelitian ini, maka hasil yang akan
diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah penyebab kemalasan pelajar yang sangat
mempengaruhi keburukan prestasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ini lah penyebab pelajar yang
malas untuk belajar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sulit memahami soal atau pelajaran</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Permasalahan satu ini
sering dijadikan alasan untuk malas belajar. Karena kalau sudah sulit dengan
soal dalam mata pelajaran kita jadi dipusingkan dengan pelajaran tersebut.
Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini kita bisa membuat kelompok belajar. Dengan
belajar kelompok kita bisa sharing berbagai soal yang sulit dengan teman kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan
sekitar</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan sangat
berpengaruh dalam proses belajar. Apabila Lingkungan kita tidak nyaman maka
secara otomatis kita akan malas belajar. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut
hendaknya kita menciptakan lingkungan se-nyaman mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Game</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila kita keseringan
nge-game maka kita secara otomatis akan malas belajar karena kita sudah nyaman
dengan game yang kita mainkan dan sangat berat meninggalkan game yang kita
mainkan untuk beranjak belajar. untuk mengatasi permasahan tersebut hendaknya
kita atur waktu belajar dan bermain kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mood</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mood adalah sesuatu yang
sangat berpengaruh dalam proses belajar kita. Apabila kita sedang tidak mood
kita akan sangat sangat malas belajar. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut
hendaknya kita ciptakan mood yang enak untuk belajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sarana yang tidak mendukung
merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab kemalasan dalam belajar. jika sarana tidak
atau kurang mendukung untuk belajar kita akan malas belajar. Untuk mengatasi
permasalahan tersebut hendaknya kita mempunyai sarana yang cukup mendukung
untuk belajar misalnya buku ,ballpoint, pensil, meja belajar, kursi, buku
pelajaran dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan
fisik yang kurang sehat</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila kita sakit
jangankan belajar mau makan pun kita malas maka dari itu kita syukuri anugrah
sehat yang telah diberi Allah dengan cara kita menjaga kesehatan. dengan
keadaan fisik yang sehat kita akan semangat belajar.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 28.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan dan Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dari analisis yang dilakukan dalam bab IV dapat ditarik
beberapa kesimpulan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Inilah beberapa kesimpulan tersebut, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kemalasan
pelajar dalam belajar aksara Bahasa Mandarin merupakan hal yang perlu di
telitipenyebabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penyebab
kemalasan berbahasa biasanya terjadi karena kurang pahamnya pengguna bahasa
dengan bahasa asing yang mereka pakai. Sama hal nya dengan penelitian ini,
penyebab terjadinya kemalasan pelajar dan tidak seriusnya pelajar dalam
mendalami bahasa asing inilah yang sering terjadi peningkatan tidak signifikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Setelah menyelesaikan
penelitian mengenai peningkatan pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin dalam kalangan
pelajar penulis mengambil beberapa saran
yang perlu diketahui oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">para pembaca, yaitu :</span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apabila pembaca yang kiranya merasa tertarik dalam
membahas peningkatan pembelajaran dalam Bahasa Mandarin dapat memperlus kajian
penelitian ini, misalnya dengan membahas faktor – faktor penyebab lainnya yang
menyebabkan kemalasan pelajar untuk memahami aksara Mandarin yang susah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis juga berharap kiranya penelitian ini
dapat dijadikan referensi atau bahan pembelajaran bagi pembaca yang ingin
mempelajari mengenai peningkatan pembelajaran dalam Bahasa Mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis menyadari bahwa penelitian ini masih
jauh dari kata sempurna, maka dari itu kritikan yang bersifat membangun akan
diterima agar penelitian menjadi yang lebih sempurna lagi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sebagai salah satu Bahasa asing yang banyak
digunakan sekarang ini, penulis berharap masyarakat Indonesia dapat memiliki
ketertarikan yang lebih terhadap Bahasa mandarin guna kemajuan Bangsa Indonesia
. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE;">Penelitian ini
terbatas pada deskripsi jenis kesalahan dan penyebab kesalahan . Hal ini
disebabkan karena keterbatasan tenaga, waktu, dan tempat yang tersedia. Oleh
karena itu disarankan agar penelitian yang lebih dalam lagi dan lebih sempurna
lagi perlu dilakukan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebab
kemalasan (online)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (</span><a href="http://pelajarsukses.blogspot.com/2013/10/faktor-kemalasan-belajar.html">http://pelajarsukses.blogspot.com/2013/10/faktor-kemalasan-belajar.html</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
diunduh pada tanggal 29 November 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian belajar (online)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://belajarpsikologi.com/pengertian-belajar-menurut-ahli/">http://belajarpsikologi.com/pengertian-belajar-menurut-ahli/</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify;">diunduh pada tanggal 29 November 2014)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify;">diunduh pada tanggal 29 November 2014)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"> </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-1034380906161591772014-12-17T20:42:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:42:21.061-08:00Kesalahan Pelafalan dalam Bahasa Mandarin yang Terjadi di SMK Negeri 1 Surakarta Tahun 2010<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab
I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Bahasa merupakan alat untuk
berkomuniksai yang tak pernah lepas dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">kehidupan sehari-hari kita.
Dengan bahasa kita dapat menyampaikan maksud, pikiran,akal, perasaan dan
kehendak kepada orang lain. Melalui bahasa seseorang dapatberinteraksi atau
berhubungan dengan orang lain dalam memenuhi segala kebutuhan.Dalam suatu
percakapan yang pada hakekatnya dilakukan untuk berkomunikasi, tidak mungkin
dilakukan tanpa menggunakan bahasa. Jika penggunaan bahasa tersebut disertai
dengan isyarat tangan, ini hanya upaya untuk mempertegas maksud. Menurut Kamus Besar
Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) bahasa merupakan sistem lambang bunyi yang arbiter,
yang digunakan oleh anggota suatu masyarakat untuk bekerjasama, berinteraksi,
dan mengidentifikasikan diri. (KBBI 2007: 88)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Seorang pakar linguistik
bernama Chaer dalam <i>Linguistik Umum </i>(1994: 42). Bahasa adalah sistem,
lambang, dan bunyi. Bunyi pada bahasa yang termasuk lambing bahasa adalah
bunyi-bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia. Bunyi yang bukan dihasilkan
oleh alat ucap manusia tidak termasuk bunyi bahasa. Tetapi tidak semua bunyi yang
dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia termasuk bunyi bahasa, misalnya: bunyi
teriak,batuk, bersin, bunyi orokan. Jenis bunyi-bunyi diatas terjadi tanpa
disadari dan tidak dapat menyampaikan pesan apa-apa, sedangkan bunyi teriakan
bisa terjadi dengan disadari walau kadang-kadang dipakai juga untuk
menyampaikan pesan. tetapi tetap bukan bunyi bahasa, karena tidak dapat
dikombinasikan dengan bunyi-bunyi lain untuk menyampaikan pesan. Bunyi orokan
biasanya tidak dapat menyampaikan pesan apa-apa karena tidak termasuk kedalam
sistem bunyi bahasa. Menurut kesimpulan yang dikemukakan oleh Chaer ”bunyi
bahasa atau bunyi ujaran adalah satuan bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap
manusia”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Bahasa mandarin saat ini
merupakan bahasa internasional kedua setelah bahasa Inggris. Banyak orang-orang
yang ingin mempelajari bahasa mandarin. bahasa mandarin di <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>
memiliki beberapa peran penting dalam perdagangan, sebagai sarana komunikasi
dalam hubungan diplomatic maupun dalam berkomunikasi kepada wisatawan asing di
Indonesia . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Pelafalan dalam bahasa mandarin
merupakan salah satu unsur penting dalam berbicara .Nada mendukung terciptanya
komunikasi lisan secara efektif. Kesalahan dalam pengucapan nada , hal itu akan
membuat terjadinya kesalah -pahaman dalam berkomunikasi . Dimana dalam bahasa
mandarin terdapat beberapa kosakata
dalam arti dan nada yang berbeda tetapi memiliki pinyin( pengucapan
huruf vokal) yang sama atau nada yang sama tetapi pinyin( pengucapan huruf
vokal) berbeda. Untuk menghindari kesalahan pelafalan, maka sesorang perlu
mempelajari tata bahasa yang baik dan benar, terutama pada saat ia hendak
berbicara dengan orang asing maupun suku-suku lain yang tidak sebahasa. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Hal ini sangat perlu bila
ingin menjalin suatu komunikasi yang baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bagaimana pelafalan yang
benar dalam bahasa mandarin ?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Apa penyebab terjadinya
kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa mandarin yang terjadi di SMK Negeri 1
Surakarta ?<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Tujuan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Untuk mengetahui
pelafalan yang benar dalam bahasa mandarin sehingga pembaca atau setiap
orang yang ingin belajar bahasa mandarin dapat berkomunikasi dengan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Untuk mengetahui penyebab
terjadinya kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa mandarin sehingga pembaca atau
setiap orang tidak melakukan metode pembelajaran yang salah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Manfaat yang
diperoleh dari penulisan ini adalah:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Memberikan gambaran tentang jenis kesalahan
dalam pelafalan bahasa mandarin sehingga dapat dilakukan upaya-upaya untuk
memperbaiki atau menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan yang serupa bagi murid SMK
Negeri 1 Surakarta ataupun bagi setiap orang pemula.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Memberikan gambaran tentang faktor penyebab
terjadinya kesalahan dan pelafalan sehingga baik para murid maupun para
pemula dapat mengerti teknik nada dan pelafalan yang benar dan dapat
berlatih sesuai dengan teknik tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Metodologi Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Metode-metode yang digunakan penulis
dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan mempelajari pustaka seperti jurnal, artikel
, hasil penelitian terdahulu yang berhubungan dengan kesalahan pelafalan dalam
bahasa mandarin .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1.6
Sistematika Penulisan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Manfaat yang diperoleh dari penulisan ini adalah:</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab 1 ( Pendahuluan ) berisi latar belakang
, rumusan masalah , tujuan penelitian, manfaat peneliitian , metodologi
penelitian , sistematika penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab 2 ( Landasan Teori ) berisi mengenai
hasil penelitian terdahulu, uraian teori– teori yang mendukung tentang pelafalan
dalam bahasa mandarin , simpulan sementara .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab 3 ( Analisa dan Pembahasan ) berisi
mengenai analisa dan pembahasan yang dilakukan penulis dari hasil
penelitian .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab 4 ( Penutup ) berisi mengenai
kesimpulan hasil penelitian penulis, saran , dan lampiran .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab
II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1
Review Hasil Penelitian Terdahulu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1.1
Analisa Kesalahan Siswa Pada Kesalahan Fonem Z, C, S, ZH,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">
CH, SH dan R dalam Kosa Kata Bahasa Mandarin di Kelas X Immersi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">A dan Immersi B SMA Negeri 4
Surakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Peneliti mengkaji permasalahan yang
dihadapi dalam proses peningkatan pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin. Kajian ini
lebih difokuskan pada pelafalan, dan ini lebih ditekankan pada penyebab dan
kesalahan yang dihadapi siswa dalam pelafalan tersebut, sehingga tenaga ajar
mampu membantu mengatasi dengan mempelajari masalah dari beberapa kasus yang
ada dalam proses pembelajaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> peneliti menggunakan beberapa metode
penelitian yaitu, observasi, wawancara, kajian pustaka dan analisis data..
Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X immersi A dan X immersi B SMA
Negeri 4 Surakarta angkatan 2007/2008 dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 45 siswa.
Peneliti menyiapkan 35 kata dalam bahasa Mandarin yang mengandung fonem /z/,
/c/, /s/, /zh/, /ch/, /sh/ dan /r/.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> peneliti menemukan jenis kesalahan yang paling
banyak dibuat siswa adalah kesalahan dalam melafalkan fonem /zh/ sebanyak 94
atau 19,74% dari kelas X immersi A dan dari kelas immersi B sebanyak 95 atau
22,8%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1.2 Pengenalan Hanyu Pinyin Sebagai Cara Baca
Bantu Pembelajaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Bahasa Mandarin di SMA Kristen 1 Surakarta<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Penulis ingin mengetahui permasalahan
yang dialami SMA Kristen I Surakarta dalam mengajar siswa untuk belajar bahasa
Mandarin serta memberikan solusi. Selain itu penulis juga ingin dapat
mendiskripsikan apa yang disebut dengan hanyu pinyin dan apa sajayang perlu
diperhatikan dalam hanyu pinyin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Dalam observasi penulis menemukan bahwa
ternyata metode yang dipakai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">untuk mengajar bahasa Mandarin
di SMA Kristen I Surakarta kurang tepat karena<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">para siswa tidak diajarkan
bagaimana melafalkan bahasa Mandarin dengan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Hal ini jelas akan berdampak
buruk bagi perkembangan bahasa Mandarin para<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">siswa. Maka penulis
memberanikan diri untuk mengubah teknik belajar mereka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">yaitu dengan mengajarkan cara
melafalkan Bahasa Mandarin yang standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">internasional yang disebut
Hanyu Pinyin. Dan ternyata Guru Pamong di sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">tersebut mengijinkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1.3
Analisa Kesalahan Tonal Pembelajar Bahasa Mandarin : Studi Kasus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> di Sebuah Universitas di Jakarta.</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Penulis hendak menyelidiki lebih lanjut
produksi wicara pembelajar peserta MKP bahasa Cina dasar II pada waktu ujian
lisan di akhir pembelajaran. Analisis kesalahan melibatkan perbandingan antara
bentuk yang diproduksi pembelajar dengan bentuk baku dari bahasa sasaran .
Perbandingan itu terutama bermanfaat untuk menentukan dan menjelaskan kesalahan
berbahasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kesalahan tonal pembelajar
terutama terletak pada ketidaktepatan kontur dan jenis kesalahan yang muncul
dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian tone sekitar dan posisi tone salah dalam kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IT">2.1.4 Pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin Generasi Tua Di
Pondok Tjandra Indah <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泗水</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pondok
Tjandra Indah </span></b><b><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老年华人普通话的语音</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN"> Penulis menemukan adanya
perbedaan dalam pelafalan pada generasi tua. </span><span lang="IT">Perbedaan pelafalan dapat dikategorikan menjadi 3
macam yaitu perbedaan nada, vokal dan konsonan. Penulis menyimpulkan terdapat
perbedaan pelafalan generasi tua di Pondok Tjandra Indah, Surabaya terjadi
karena perbedaan dari pelafalan guru di sekolah. Guru memegang peranan yang
penting di dalam mengajarkan pelafalan. Apabila guru mengajarkannya salah,
murid juga akan melakukan kesalahan yang sama. Penelitian ini memiliki
kelemahan karena tidak menggunakan program dalam mengidentifikasi nada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1.5 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analisa Penguasaan Suku Awal dan Nada Mahasiswa
Tingkat IV</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jurusan Sastra</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">China
Universitas B</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ina Nusantara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penulis meneliti
dari hasil dari rekaman pelafalan dalam Bahasa Mandarin yang diambil dari 60
orang mahasiswa Bina Nusantara Universitas tingkat IV jurusan sastra China.
Dari hasil rekaman tersebut, penulis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat menganalisa kesalahan dan
kesulitan tiap mahasiswa dalam pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Pada
penelitian ini penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa
tingkat IV jurusan sasta China Bina Nusantara Universitas, hampir tidak
menggunakan mandarin untuk berkomunikasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Oleh
karena itu, mahasiswa kurang menguasai kosakata mandarin, dan lupa dengan
kosakata yang sudah diperlajari selama pelajaran berlangsung. Mahasiswa
cenderung jarang menggulang pelajaran yang telah diperlajari, hal ini
menyebabkan mahasiswa sering tidak bisa membaca kosakata dan salah dalam
penggunaan nada. Kesalahan yang banyak terjadi dalam membunyikan suku awal
bahasa Mandarin adalah dalam membunyikan konsonan b / p , d / t , zh / zi, ch /
ci <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.2 Landasan Teori<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.2.1 Pengertian Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Bahasa
adalah alat penghubung yang digunakan manusia di dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">masyarakat untuk tukar menukar
informasi, suatu kelompok bangsa memerlukan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">suatu bahasa sebagai alat
berkomunikasi mereka. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Oleh karena itu mereka biasanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">memberikan bahasa tersebut
kepada orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">(Tarigan.
1990:29)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.2.2 Pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Suku kata bahasa Mandarin dibedakan
menjadi 3 bagian; initial, final dan nada. Lafal awal adalah initial, bagian
yang lain adalah final, nada adalah seluruh tinggi rendahnya suara. Nada juga
dianggap sebagai bagian yang membentuk suku kata, karena nada berfungsi untuk
membedakan makna dalam bahasa mandarin, contoh “t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ā</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ng, táng, t</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ă</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">ng, tàng” 4 huruf ini initial
semuanya (tang),<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">hanya karena nada berbeda,
makna tentu tidak sama, masing-masing mewakili 4 sifat yang berbeda dalam
bahasa Mandarin (minimal ada satuan bahasa yang bermakna), dalam penulisannya
menjadi 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">huruf yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Sejak tahun 1918 ketika itu ponetik
alfabet nasional bahasa mandarin yang dikeluarkan departemen pendidikan
menggunakan 1 set alfabet cara baca yang dirumuskan berbentuk huruf Han. 1 set
alfabet ini vokal yang utama dan suara akhir digabung menggunakan sebuah
indikasi, mencerminkan tradisi dua jiwa, yaitu initial dan final. Ponetik
alfabet tersebar luas dan merata, dampaknya sangat besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Propinsi Taiwan terus menggunakannya
sampai sekarang. Tahun 1958 rancangan Hanyu Pinyin yang menggunakan huruf latin
(daftar 2 initial Beijing, daftar 3 final Beijing). Mulai sejak tahun 1978,
nama orang nama tempat di Tiongkok secara bersama-sama ditulis menggunakan
alfabet hanyu pinyin, telah menggantikan semua macam cara baca lama “wei tuo ma
shi deng”.(Wikipedia Tiongkok)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Bahasa Mandarin adalah bahasa yang
bernada. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Pelafalan bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Mandarin pada dasarnya ada
4. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Masing-masing
menggunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">tanda nada yang dinyatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">“ ˉ ”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">nada 1</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">, ” ˊ ” (nada 2</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” ˇ ” (nada 3)</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">” ˋ ”</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">nada 4</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">. Nada digunakan untuk membedakan makna kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2.2.3 </span></b><b><span lang="SV">Konsonan
Awal <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsonan
awal terbagi menjadi 7 bagian bahwa konsonan awal bisa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dibagi menjadi 7 bagian
: b, p, m adalah bunyi labial, f adalah bunyi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">labiodental, z,c,s,
adalah bunyi dental, d, t, n, l, adalah bunyi Alveolar, zh, ch, sh, r adalah
bunyi Palatal, j,q,x, adalah bunyi lidah depan, g,k,h adalah bunyi lidah dasar
(Hú </span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">胡</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
2006, p.7).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN"> Menurut Cao </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曹</span><span lang="IN"> (2005, p.127), di dalam bahasa Mandarin
“bù” dan “ yī”. Dua kata yang perubahan nadanya secara berturut – turut juga
adalah sangat tiba – tiba. </span><span lang="EN-GB">Peraturan perubahan nada
mereka yaitu : </span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 36.65pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Keadaan pembacaan secara berturut - turut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Contoh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Kondisi
perubahan nada</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Pada
saat sebelum nada keempat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">bù
dàn, bù tòng, bù qù, bù xiàng, bù lài, bù kàn</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251660288;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
from="36.4pt,52.85pt" to="85.9pt,52.85pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 48px; margin-top: 64px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="69" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">bù bú</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="PT-BR">Pada saat sebelum nada pertama, kedua dan
ketiga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="PT-BR">bù dān, bù tong, bù xiǎng, bù lái, bù kān<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 36.65pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nada
tidak berubah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel
Perubahan Nada“bù”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel<b> </b>Perubahan Nada “ yī”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Keadaan pembacaan secara berturut - turut </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Contoh Kata </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Kondisi perubahan nada </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Pada saat perhitungan </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Yī, èr, sān, yī jiǔ yī yī nián, yī céng, èr shí yī (gè) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Nada Tidak berubah </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pada saat bertemu dengan nada keempat (selain
kondisi dibawah) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yī zhì, yī
tiào, yī bài, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">yī kè, yī wàn, yī gè </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;z-index:251661312;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
from="25.3pt,7.45pt" to="74.8pt,7.45pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 33px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="69" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Yī y í </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Pada saat bertemu dengan nada pertama, kedua dan
ketiga (selain kondisi dibawah) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="IN">Yī zhì, yī tiǎo, yī bǎi, yī kē, yī wǎn, yī gé </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.8pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;z-index:251662336;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'
from="25.4pt,11pt" to="74.9pt,11pt">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 33px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 69px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="69" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Yī yì </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 30.0pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Simpulan
Sementara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 30.05pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Berdasarkan beberapa hasil review
penelitian yang telah ada penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa saat ini masih
banyak para pemula atau pembelajar yang masih banyak melakukan kesalahan dalam
pelafalan . Baik karena ketidakpahaman dalam pelafalan ataupun kesalahan dalam
metode pembelajaran pelafalan. Kesalahan dalam pelafalan adalah sesuatu yang
perlu diperhatikan ketika mempelajari bahasa mandarin.Letak kesalahan yang
terjadi dari beberapa hasil review penelitian terdahulu hampir semuanya sama
yaitu membedakan nada 1 , nada 2, nada 3 , nada 4 , maupun cara membaca huruf
konsonan yang benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 30.05pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab III</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 30.05pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN"><br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pelafalan konsonan dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat tergantung pada posisi lidah,
bibir, gigi dan cara melafalkan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apabila
terjadi kesalahan dalam posisi pelafalan dan cara pelafalan, maka lafal yang
dihasilkan akan kurang tepat. Berikut ini adalah panduan untuk dapat
menghasilkan pelafalan bahasa Mandarin dengan baik dan benar.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 452px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Konsonan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Cara pelafalan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/bo.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">b</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/bo.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan p dalam bahasa
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/po.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">p</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/po.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan ph dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/mo.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">m</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/mo.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan m dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/fo.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">f</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/fo.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan f dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/de2.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">d</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/de2.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan t dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/te1.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">t</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/te1.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan th dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ne.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">n</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ne.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan n dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/le.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">l</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/le.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Lafalkan seperti konsonan l dalam bahasa
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ge.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">g</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ge.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan k dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ke.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">k</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ke.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Lafalkan seperti konsonan kh dalam bahasa
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/he.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">h</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/he.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan h dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ji.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">j</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ji.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan c dalam bahasa Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/qi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">q</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/qi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Lafalkan seperti konsonan j dalam bahasa
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/xi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">x</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/xi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Lafalkan seperti konsonan s dalam bahasa
Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/zhi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">zh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/zhi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Suara lidah ditekuk sedikit ke arah
langit-langit mulut . Setelah lidah di tekuk ke langit-langit mulut, lafalkan
konsonan zh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/chi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ch</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/chi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Suara lidah ditekuk sedikit ke arah
langit-langit mulut . Setelah lidah di tekuk ke langit-langit mulut, lafalkan
konsonan ch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/shi1.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/shi1.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Suara lidah ditekuk sedikit ke arah
langit-langit mulut . Setelah lidah di tekuk ke langit-langit mulut, lafalkan
konsonan sh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ri.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">r</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ri.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Lafalkan seperti konsonan re dalam bahasa
Indonesia dengan merapatkan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/zi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">z</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/zi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Lafalkan seperti konsonan ce dalam bahasa
Indonesia dengan merapatkan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; padding: 0in;">c<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan je dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan merapatkan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/si.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">s</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/si.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti konsonan se dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan merapatkan gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.65pt;" valign="top" width="28">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.4pt;" valign="top" width="94">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/yi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">y</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/yi.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 247.95pt;" valign="top" width="331">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti vokal i (yi = i).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/wu.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">w</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.mandarin.web.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/wu.mp3"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Download</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; display: none; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hide: all; padding: 0in;">0:00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Lafalkan
seperti vokal u (wu = u).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-samarinda.com%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Fshowtopic%3D2002%26st%3D80&ei=0GeIVLydEJCxuAThuILIBQ&bvm=bv.81456516,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNG1CS3wqFQwLoUDdgvbxzaf-yUaEA&ust=14183119821"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 189px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 278px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 207px; z-index: 251663360;"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-samarinda.com%2Fforum%2Findex.php%3Fshowtopic%3D2002%26st%3D80&ei=0GeIVLydEJCxuAThuILIBQ&bvm=bv.81456516,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNG1CS3wqFQwLoUDdgvbxzaf-yUaEA&ust=14183119821"><img border="0" height="189" src="file:///C:/Users/AYMEI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="207" /></a></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Konsonan dalam pinyin dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu konsonan
aspirasi (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">送气音</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">/ sòng qì yīn) dan konsonan non-aspirasi</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(不送气音</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">/ bù sòng qì yī). Perbedaan antara keduanya adalah
pada saat pelafalannya, konsonan aspirasi disertai dengan dorongan udara dari
mulut, sedangkan konsonan non-aspirasi tidak. Konsonan yang merupakan konsonan
aspirasi adalah: p, t, k, q, ch, c. Salah nada
berarti salah arti .Pinyin harus menggunakan nada sesuai dengan huruf
/karakter yang dimaksud. Nada dalam bahasa Mandarin ada 4. Meski pinyin sama,
namun jika nadanya berbeda ataupun ucapannya berbeda, maka artinya akan bisa
berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bab IV</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Dari
hasil analisa penulis menyimpulkan bahwa para murid SMK Negeri 1 Surakarta
masih banyak melakukan kesalahan pelafalan pada kata z dengan zh , c dengan ch
, s dengan sh , j dengan q , t dengan d , j dengan z , q dengan c. Selain itu
masih banyak melakukan kesalahan dalam membedakan nada . </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dalam hal ini sangat penting
untuk diperhatikan karena membaca konsonan huruf vokal dan nada adalah hal
dasar untuk bisa berbahasa mandarin. Penulis melihat bahwa penyebab terjadinya
kesalahan pelafalan di SMK Negeri 1 Surakarta karena murid tidak diajarkan cara
membaca huruf konsonan dan nada yang benar terlebih dahulu . Selain itu para
murid kurang berlatih tekun dalam berlatih pelafalan serta jam mata pelajaran
bahasa mandarin masih dianggap kurang sehingga menyebabkan banyaknya murid yang
masih belum bisa melakukan pelafalan dengan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Saran</span></b><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Para murid SMK Negeri 1 Surakarta seharusnya
lebih sering berlatih pelafalan bahasa mandarin . <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 30.05pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Sebaiknya para guru mengajarkan teknik
pelafalan terlebih dahulu dengan benar serta setidaknya jam mata pelajaran
bahasa mandarin diberikan 2 atau 3 kali seminggu. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dian Mira Mardiana . </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">(2008). <i>“Analisa Kesalahan
Siswa Pada Kesalahan Fonem<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Z,C, S, ZH, CH, SH dan R dalam Kosa Kata Bahasa Mandarin di Kelas X
Immersi A dan Immersi B SMA Negeri 4 Surakarta”.</span></i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dari : </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://eprints.uns.ac.id/7228/1/78141607200904501.pdf"><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://eprints.uns.ac.id/7228/1/78141607200904501.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> .</span><i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Giovanny Anggasta, Loesiannie
Indriyati</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> 2012.“<i>Analisa Penguasaan Suku Awal<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.5pt;">
<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">dan Nada Mahasiswa Tingkat IV
Jurusan Sastra China Universitas Bina<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 1.0in 1.25in 1.5in 1.75in 2.0in 2.25in 2.5in 2.75in 3.0in 3.25in 3.5in 3.75in 4.0in 4.25in 4.5in 4.75in 5.0in 5.25in 5.5in 5.75in 6.0in 6.25in 6.5in 6.75in 7.0in 7.25in 7.5in 7.75in 8.0in; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Nusantara”</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">. Dari : </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://thesis.binus.ac.id/doc/Lain-lain/2011-2-%2000730-MDRingkasan001.pdf"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">http://thesis.binus.ac.id/doc/Lain-lain/2011-2- 00730-MDRingkasan001.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> .</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Edward Septa Epradita. (2008).
<i>”Pengenalan Hanyu Pinyin Sebagai Cara Baca<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Bantu Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin di SMA Kristen 1 Surakarta”. </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dari: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://eprints.uns.ac.id/9173/1/79142107200911151.pdf"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">http://eprints.uns.ac.id/9173/1/79142107200911151.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> .</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Handini Suwarno</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">. ( 2011) . <i>“</i></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Analisis Siswa Berbahasa Pertama Bahasa China/</span></i><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mandarin
Modern ketika Belajar Bahasa Indonesia (Bahasa Indonesia Penutur Asing)</span></i><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> “</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Dari: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://reallydini.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/analisis-siswa-berbahasa-pertama-bahasa-china-mandarin-modern-ketika-belajar-bahasa-indonesia-bahasa-indonesia-penutur-asing-by-handini-suwarno-on-tuesday-23-march-2010-at-1150/"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">http://reallydini.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/analisis-siswa-berbahasa-pertama-bahasa-china-mandarin-modern-ketika-belajar-bahasa-indonesia-bahasa-indonesia-penutur-asing-by-handini-suwarno-on-tuesday-23-march-2010-at-1150/</span></a></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> .</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 5.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Hana Nurul Hasanah . (2011) <b><i>. </i></b><i>“</i></span><i><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Analisa Kesalahan Tonal
Pembelajar Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Mandarin : Studi Kasus di Sebuah Universitas di
Jakarta”.</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"> Dari : </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDEQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ui.ac.id%2Ffile%3Ffile%3Ddigital%2F20205375-T28811-Analisis%2520kesalahan.pdf&ei=ScOKVNusLtK0uASLyoKoDg&usg=AFQjCNHzN0DRkqDWFJdbk3dHNvXUqvOkXw&bvm=bv.81828268,d.c2E"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDEQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ui.ac.id%2Ffile%3Ffile%3Ddigital%2F20205375-T28811-Analisis%2520kesalahan.pdf&ei=ScOKVNusLtK0uASLyoKoDg&usg=AFQjCNHzN0DRkqDWFJdbk3dHNvXUqvOkXw&bvm=bv.81828268,d.c2E</span></a></span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Carolina A.S.
& Henny P. S. Wijaya.<i>“Pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin Generasi Tua<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Di </span></i><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pondok Tjandra Indah </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">泗水</span><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Pondok Tjandra Indah </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: SimSun; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老年华人普通话的音</span><span lang="IT" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: IT;">”.Dari
:http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fstudentjournal.petra.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fsastra-tionghoa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F846%2F741&ei=xMSKVOeCIMGxuQSYq4H4Ag&usg=AFQjCNEr6VroNXoboVNk9mYVLkVWsMEX4Q&bvm=bv.81828268,d.c2E.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.kesaintblanc.co.id/blog/?author=8" title="by Amelia Djamil"><span class="entry-authorauthorvcard"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Amelia Djamil</span></span></a></span><span class="entry-authorauthorvcard"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> . (2013).”</span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> <i>Latihan Pelafalan Nada
dalam Bahasa Cina Mandarin<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">+Audio”</span></i><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">.
Dari</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">:</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.kesaintblanc.co.id/blog/?p=1445"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://www.kesaintblanc.co.id/blog/?p=1445</span></a></span><span lang="IT"> .</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-41223817808940654222014-12-17T20:40:00.003-08:002014-12-17T20:40:58.389-08:00PEMBELAJARAN PELAFALAN BAHASA MANDARIN BAGI MAHASISWA YANG BELAJAR BAHASA MANDARIN DI UNIVERSITAS WIDYA KARTIKA<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa merupakan alat
untuk berkomunikasi yang tak pernah lepas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita.
Dengan bahasa kita dapat menyampaikan maksud, pikiran, akal, perasaan dan
kehendak kepada orang lain. Melalui bahasa seseorang dapat berinteraksi atau
berhubungan dengan orang lain dalam memenuhi segala kebutuhan. Dalam suatu
percakapan yang pada hakekatnya dilakukan untuk berkomunikasi, tidak mungkin
dilakukan tanpa menggunakan bahasa. Jika penggunaan bahasa tersebut disertai
dengan isyarat tangan, ini hanya upaya untuk mempertegas maksud. Bahasa
merupakan sistem lambang bunyi yang arbiter, yang digunakan oleh anggota suatu
masyarakat untuk bekerjasama, berinteraksi, dan mengidentifikasikan diri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa adalah sistem,
lambang, bunyi. Bunyi pada bahasa yang termasuk lambang bahasa adalah
bunyi-bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia. Bunyi yang bukan dihasilkan
oleh alat ucap manusia tidak termasuk bunyi bahasa, misalnya : bunyi teriak,
batuk, bersin, bunyi orokan. Jenis bunyi-bunyi diatas terjadi tanpa disadari
dan tidak dapat menyampaikan pesan apa-apa, sedangkan bunyi teriakan bisa
terjadi dengan disadari walau kadang-kadang dipakai juga untuk menyampaikan
pesan. Tetapi tetap bukan bunyi bahasa, karena tidak dapat dikombinasikan
dengan bunyi-bunyi lain untuk menyampaikan pesan. Bunyi orokan biasanya tidak
dapat menyampaikan pesan apa-apa karena tidak termasuk kedalam sistem bunyi
bahasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa menempati urutan
pertama dalam unsur kebudayaan universal. Tidak dapat dipungkiri. Bahsa
merupakan sarana komunikasi yang paling utama di dunia. Ada begitu banyak ahasa
yang digunakan manusia untuk berkounikasi satu dengan yang lainnya dimuka bumi
ini, seperti bahasa Inggris, Mandarin, Indonesia, Jepang, Arab dan masih banyak
lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai bangsa yang membuka
diri terhadap perkembangan zaman, bangsa Indonesia senantiasa mengadakan
komunikasi dengan bangsa lain. Komunikasi tersebut terjadi dalam berbagai
kegiatan, seperti kegiatan kemasyarakatan, pemerintahan, perdagangan dan
bisnis. Dengan adanya komunikasi tersebut terjadi pola kontak bahasa yang
terjadi antara bangsa Indonesia dengan berbagai bangsa lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa, khususnya
Mandarin sudah semakin banyak di pelajari saat ini dan mulai diakui sebagai
salah satu bahasa Internasional yang penggunaannya semakin penting dirasakan
oleh masyarakat. Perdagangan, kebudayaan dan hubungan diplomatik dengan negara
China sudah semakin berkembang dewasa ini, bahkan belakangan banyak tempat
pariwisata di Indonesia yang di kunjungi wisatawan dari China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap bahasa mempunyai
kaidah-kaidah ataupun aturan masing-masing yang baik dan benar. Artinya, dalam
pemakaian suatu bahasa itu harus sesuai dengan situasi pemakaiannya dan sesuai
dengan kaidah yang berlaku. Misalnya : situasi dalam rapat dinas, seminar atau
karya ilmiah adalah menggunakan pemakaian bahasa yang resmi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dalam situasi
semacam itu digunakan kata-kata nggak, dibilang dan sejenisnya, bahasa yang
digunakan itu dapat dikatakan tidak baik karena tidak sesuai dengan situasi
pemakaiannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar suatu bahasa
tidak terlepas dari segi tata bahasanya. Demikian juga halnya dengan bahasa
Mandarin. Pelafalan yang tidak tepat dari suatu bahasa kerap menjadi penghambat
yang cukup serius bagi penutur pemula, terlebih bahasa Mandarin memiliki
berjuta-juta kata dengan intonasi yang berbeda-beda. Pembentukan kalimat dalam
bahasa Mandarin memiliki aturan-aturan tertentu. Aturan inilah yang digunkan
tata bahasa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata bahasa adalah
pengetahuan atau pelajaran mengenai pembentukan kata-kata dan penyusun
kata-kata dalam kalimat. Tata bahasa merupakan kaidah atau aturan-aturan
penyusunan kata, gabungan kata dan kalimat. Untuk bisa bertutur dalam bahasa
Mandarin secara baik dan benar, maka seseorang perlu mempelajari tata bahasa
yang baik dan benar. Pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin dibagi menjadi dua. Yaitu
pelafalan huruf vokal dan pelafalan huruf konsonan. Pada saat kita
berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Mandarin, sebuah kata yang kita ucapkan bisa
sedikitnya memiliki empat arti yang berbeda-beda. Dikarenakan jenis nadanya.
Dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat menentukan arti sebuah kata. Nada dalam bahasa
Mandarin sangat penting dalam membedakan arti, jika salah mengucapkan nada
dapat menyebabkan perbedaan arti dan
kesalahpahaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : kata “tang”
akan memiliki arti sesuai dengan pelafalannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汤</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Tāng) = Sup.
Vocal ‘a’ diucapkan dengan nada tinggi dan datar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">糖</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Táng) =
Permen. Vocal ‘a’ diucapkan dengan nada menanjak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">躺</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Tǎng) =
Berbaring. Vocal ‘a’ diucapkan dengan nada turun kemudian naik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">烫</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Tàng) =
Menyetrika. Vokal ‘a’ diucapkan dengan
nada menukik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Keempat kata diatas memiliki arti yang berbeda-beda dengan pelafalan
yang sekilas hampir sama. Berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Mandarin memerlukan
ketelitian, ketepatan, dan pemahaman yang benar untuk bisa melafalkan bunyi
yang terkait secara tepat dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Bahasa Mandarin mempunyai perbedaan sistem dan lambang bunyi yang
berbeda dengan Bahasa Indonesia. Perbedaan bunyi antara kedua bahasa itu
disebabkan oleh adanya bunyi bahasa di dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang tidak
dimiliki oleh bahasa Mandarin. Begitu pula dengan lambang bunyi kedua bahasa
tersebut juga tidak sama. Bahasa Mandarin menggunakan lambang bunyi yang
disebut Aksara Mandarin</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汉字</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (hanzi) yang memiliki nada,
sedangkan bahasa Indonesia menggunakan lambang bunyi yang disebut abjad dengan
tulisan latin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Untuk menghindari kesalahan pelafalan, maka seseorang perlu mempelajari
tata bahasa yang baik dan benar, terutama padasaat ia hendak berbicara dengan
orang asing maupun suku-suku lain yang tidak sebahasa. Hal ini sangat perlu
bila ingin menjalin komunikasi yang baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk itulah penulis
tertarik untuk menambah ilmu tentang bagaimana kesalahan pelafalan kerap sering
terjadi dalam penggunaan bahasa Mandarin pada mahasiswa program studi Sastra
Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelafalan secara
leksial disebut juga fonetik. Fonetik yang artinya menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia (KBBI) adalah pengucapan (penghasilan) bunyi ujar, sistem suatu
bahasa. Untuk itu dalam karya ilmiah ini, penulis akan membahas kesalahan
pelafalan yang kerap menjadi permasalahan bagi penutur pemula bahasa Mandarin.
Permasalahannya bukan hanya terletak pada sekedar salah melafalkan, namun
karena bunyi ujaran sebuah kata dalam bahasa Mandarin memiliki kemiripan yang
sama pelafalannya dengan kata yang lain tetapi berbeda maknanya. Hal inilah
yang menyulitkan pembelajar ataupun penutur pemula maupun penulis sendiri
karena tidak terlalu fasih melafalkannya dengan tepat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam bentuk
pernyataan, masalah ini dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut “Apa dan bagaimanakah
kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa mandarin?”. Selanjutnya pertanyaan tersebut
akan diturunkan ke dalam pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang lebih khusus lagi sebgai
berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti
apakah bentuk kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin pada mahasiswa program
studi Sastra Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah
faktor penyebab kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin pada mahasiswa
program studi Sastra Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melakukan setiap
kegiatan pasti selalu mempunyai maksud dan tujuan yang hendak dicapai. Dalam
sebuah penelitian ilmiah, menurut Endraswara(2003 : 201) tujuan merupakan
penjabaran permasalahan secara deskriptif. Penelitian yang penulis lakukan
terhadap analisis kesalahan pelafalan bahasa Mandarin pada mahasiswa program
studi bahasa Mandarin ini memiliki tujuan sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui bentuk kesalahan pelafalan yang kerap terjadi pada mahasiswa program
studi bahasa Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui faktor penyebab kesalahan pelafalan yang terjadi pada mahasiswa
program studi Sastra Mandarin Universitas widya Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat praktis dari
penelitian ini adalah : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
gambaran tentang jenis kesalahan dalam pelafalan bahasa mandarin sehingga dapat
dilakukan upaya-upaya untuk memperbaiki atau menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan
yang serupa bagi mahasiswa program studi Sastra Mandarin Universitas Widya
Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
gambaran pada dosen (staf pengajar) tentang proses terjadinya kesalahan
pelafalan dalam bahasa Mandarin sehingga dapat dicari atau dipilih metode
pengajaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
gambaran tentang faktor penyebab timbulnya kesalahan pelafalan dalam bahasa
Mandarin sehingga para dosen dapat memberikan latihan sebanyak mungkin sesuai
dengan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi mahasiswa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain manfaat praktis
diatas, penelitian ini juga diharapkan memberi manfaat secara teoritis yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambah
pengetahuan penulis dan pembaca untuk memperbaiki kesalahan pelafalan bahasa
Mandarin yang kerap sering terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
bahan acuan dalam penelitian yang lebih lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan
Masalah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
kenyataan bahwa objek penelitian penulis adalah mahasiswa program studi bahasa
Mandarin yang masih belajar atau sebagai penutur pemula Bahasa mandarin, akan
ditemukan banyak kesalahan dalam pembelajaran yang mereka lakukan.
Kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut antara lain : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan
Dalam Ejaan (Spelling)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
Baca (Punctuation)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tata
Kalimat (Syntax)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
Penanda Waktu (Tense)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukaan
Kata (Word Formation)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uraian
Kata (Word Ordering)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesusuaian
(Agreement)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembubuhan
Kata Bantu (Preposisi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbendaharaan
Kata (Vocabulary) dan masih banyak lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maka penulis membatasi
masalah pada kesalahan pelafalan saja. Dalam penelitian ini penulis membatasi
ruang lingkup pembahasan yang difokuskan pada kesalahan pelafalan dan objek
penelitian adalah mahasiswa program studi Sastra Mandarin Universitas Widya
Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LANDASAN
TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Review
Hasil Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaraan
karakter Bahasa Mandarin bagi pelajar Indonesia yang belajar Bahasa Mandarin di
Chongqing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengerti perbedaan
budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar bahasa misal :
alfabet vs karakter bahasa mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola belajar membuat bahasa
Mandarin tidak mudah dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan metode belajar
bahasa mandarin dengan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa ini akan terasa
berjalan ringan, menyenangkan dan efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
metode permainan ular tangga dalam pembelajaraan Hanzi pada siswa kelas VII E
SMPK Stella Maris Surabaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menciptakan lingkungan
belajar yang sepenuhnya membenamkan murid dalam pengalaman yang interaktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencoba mengusir
ketakutan pada pembelajar ketika menghadapi lingkungan yang penuh dengan
tantangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajar juga harus
merancang sarana pengajaran yang artistik dalam kreasi lngkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil pembelajaran yang
optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partisipasi dalam
lingkungan realistik dimana siswa dapat mencoba hal baru dengan aman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
pinyin terhadap pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin pada siswa kelas 4 SD Surabaya
Montessori School.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengucapan bahasa
Mandarin sangat penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pengucapan adalah
landasan untuk bisa menguasai bahasa Mandarin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belajar bahasa Mandarin
harus memahami cara pengucapannya dulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila terjadi
kesalahan dalam posisi pelafalan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara pelafalan, maka
lafal yang dihasilkan akan kurang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
kesalaahan penggunaan sinonim Bahasa Mandarin terhadap mahasiswa Indonesia di
Chongqing Normal University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperlancar proses
belajar bahasa dengan cepat dan mudah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan penggunaan
kata keterangan waktu dalam bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan komponen
linguistik yaitu leksikon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan orang yang
sedang belajar dengan objek yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan penggunaan
kata negasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisiss
penguasaan karakter mandarin pada mahasiswa semester 3 prodi Bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika dengan menggunakan Komponen dan Radikal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu melafalkan
huruf bahasa Mandarin dan kurang cocok dipelajari secara terpisah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memahami dan menguasai
huruf Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan memahami
bentuk tertulis merupakan hal mutlak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggunakan daya
analisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Imajinasi untuk
memahami setiap huruf bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2
Karateristik Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Mandarin memiliki karateristik yang berbeda dengan bahasa-bahasa yang lain. Hal
ini bisa ditinjau di dari berbagai aspek, misalnya dari pelafalannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nada <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
bahasa Mandarin, terdapat 4 nada (nada 1, nada 2, nada 3 dan nada 4) dan 1 nada
netral, dimana masing-masing nada memiliki fungsi untuk membedakan arti. Jika
ditulis dengan pinyin, keempat nada ditulis sebagai simbol :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nada
1 “---“, nada 2 “/ “, nada 3” ˅ “ dan nada 4 “ \”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diletakan
diatas huruf vokal dalam pinyin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
nada dalam Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nada
Pertama (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">汤</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei";">) , merupakan nada tinggi yang dilafalkan datar, di tabel
tampak sebagai garis warna pink, dalam garis nada digambarkan dengan nada 5-5.
Nada kedua (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">糖</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei";">) dalam tabel digambar dengan warna
green, yaitu nada yang dilafalkan naik yaitu nada 3-5. Nada ketiga (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">躺</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei";">) dalam tabel yang digambarkan dengan warna blue,
pelafalannya yaitu turun kemudian naik, yaitu nada 2-1-4. Yang terakhir adalah
nada keempat(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">烫</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Microsoft YaHei";">), di tabel nampak sebagai garis
warna yellow, dilafalkan dengan nada turun ke bawah, yaitu nada 5-1. Selain
keempat nada yang tercantum di tabel, terdapat nada netral, yaitu nada ringan
yang tidak termasuk salah satu dari keempat tanda di atas. Nada netral hanya muncul
di kosakata tunggal tertentu, atau kosakata yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih
Hanzi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.3
Teori Bahasa Akuisisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
akuisisi adalah sebuah proses dimana manusia memperoleh kemampuan mengerti dan
memahami bahasa, serta memproduksi dan menggunakan kata-kata untuk
berkomunikasi. Kapasitas untuk memahami bahasa pada manusia terletak di otak.
Kapasitas bahasa manusia terbatas, dapat memahami jumlah kalimat tak terbatas,
yang didasarkan pada prinsip sintaksis disebut rekursi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
akuisisi biasanya mengacu pada akuisisi bahasa pertama, yaitu mempelajari
bahasa asli. Sedangkan akuisisi bahasa kedua berkaitan dengan akuisisi dari
bahasa tambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seorang
anak lahir dengan memiliki kemampuan sebagian besar aspek bahasa tanpa secara
eksplisit diajarka, atau sesuatu yang dipelajari di sekolah. Seorang anak
memiliki kapasitas menunjukan bahwa otak manusia dalam penguasaan bahasa yang
sangat freksibel, beberapa dibentuk oleh lingkungan bahasa tertentu dimana
orang tersebut dilahirkan, sedangkan bahasa kedua faktor lain adalah
berdasarkan kemampuan kognitif bayi dalam menyerap bahasa yang lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masing-masing mempunyai
nada yang berbeda-beda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Mandarin
memiliki karateristik yang berbeda-beda dengan bahasa yang lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat memahami jumlah
kalimat tak terbatas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan kognitif bayi
dalam menyerap bahasa yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.1
Konsonan Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pelafalan konsonan dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat tergantung pada posisi lidah,
bibir, gigi dan cara melafalkan. Apabila terjadi kesalahan dalam posisi
pelafalan dan cara pelafalan, maka lafal yang dihasilkan akan kurang tepat.
Berikut ini adalah panduan untuk dapat menghasilkan pelafalan bahasa Mandarin
dengan baik dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.
Konsonan Cara Pelafalan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 b Suara
bibir (labial). Lafalkan seperti konsonan p dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2 p Suara
bibir (labial) aspirasi. Lafalkan seperti konsonan ph dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 m Suara
bibir (labial). Lafalkan seperti konsonan m dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4 f Suara
bibir (labial). Lafalkan seperti konsonan f dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5 d Suara
ujung Lidah (apical). Lafalkan seperti konsonan t dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6 t Suara
ujung Lidah (apical) aspirasi. Lafalkan seperti konsonan th dalam bahasa
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7 n Suara
ujung Lidah (apical). Lafalkan seperti konsonan n dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8 l Suara
ujung Lidah (apical). Lafalkan seperti konsonan l dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9 g Suara
pangkal lidah (velar). Pangkal lidah menyentuh langit-langit mulut, lafalkan
konsonan k dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10 k Suara
pangkal lidah (velar) aspirasi. Pangkal lidah menyentuh langit-langit mulut,
lafalkan konsonan kh dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11 h Suara
pangkal lidah (velar). Pangkal lidah menyentuh langit-langit mulut, lafalkan
konsonan h dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12 j Suara
badan lidah (dorsal). Lafalkan seperti konsonan c dalam bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13 q Suara
badan lidah (dorsal) aspirasi. Lafalkan seperti konsonan ch dalam bahasa
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14 x Suara
badan lidah (dorsal). Lafalkan mirip konsonan s, dalam bahasa Indonesia, namun
dilafalkan dengan badan lidah bukan dengan ujung lidah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15 zh Suara
lidah ditekuk ke langit-langit mulut (palatal). Setelah lidah di tekuk ke
langit-langit mulut, lafalkan konsonan z<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16 ch Suara
lidah ditekuk ke langit-langit mulut (palatal)aspirasi. Setelah lidah di tekuk
ke langit-langit mulut, lafalkan konsonan ch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17 sh Suara
lidah ditekuk ke langit-langit mulut (palatal)aspirasi. Setelah lidah di tekuk
ke langit-langit mulut, lafalkan konsonan s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18 r Suara
lidah ditekuk ke langit-langit mulut (palatal)aspirasi. Setelah lidah di tekuk
ke langit-langit mulut, lafalkan konsonan r<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19 z Suara
lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (dental). Ujung lidah menuju gigi atas
bagian dalam, lalu lafalkan konsonan z<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20 c Suara
lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (dental). Ujung lidah menuju gigi atas
bagian dalam, lalu lafalkan konsonan c<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21 s Suara
lidah pada gigi depan bagian dalam (dental). Ujung lidah menuju gigi atas
bagian dalam, lalu lafalkan konsonan s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22 y Lafalkan
seperti vokal i (yi=i)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">23 w Lafalkan
seperti vokal u (wu=u)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsonan dalam pinyin
dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu konsonan aspirasi (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">送气音</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/
sòng qì yīn) dan konsonan non-aspirasi</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(不送气音</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/
bù sòng qì yī). Perbedaan antara keduanya adalah pada saat pelafalannya,
konsonan aspirasi disertai dengan dorongan udara dari mulut, sedangkan konsonan
non-aspirasi tidak. Konsonan yang merupakan konsonan aspirasi adalah: p, t, k,
q, ch, c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2 Mempelajari
pengucapan Dalam Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
pengucapan dalam bahasa Mandarin sangat penting. Cara pengucapan adalah
landasan untuk bisa menguasai bahasa Mandarin. Maka, ingin belajar bahasa
Mandarin harus memahami cara pengucapannya dulu. Cara pengucapan dalam bahasa
Mandarin tidak terlepas dari yang disebut sebagai Pin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
Mandarin merupakan bahasa yang tidak menggunakan abjad latin dalam sistem
penulisannya, oleh karena itu tanpa adanya sistem penulisan latin akan sulit
bagi orang asing untuk mempelajari bahasa Mandarin. Maka pada tahun 1958
pemerintah Cina secara resmi menggunakan sistem fonetik pinyin, yang dibuat
oleh Lembaga Pembaharuan Tulisan (LPT) Republik Rakyat Cina (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中国文字改革委员会</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/
zhōng guó wén zì gǎi gé wěi yuán huì) sebagai sistem penulisan latinnya. Sistem
fonetik pinyin mempermudah pemelajar asing yang hanya menguasai huruf latin.
Saat ini pinyin telah digunakan pada banyak tempat seperti pada sistem
pengetikan huruf han di komputer, telepon genggam, petunjuk jalan, bahan ajar,
software komputer, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk
penulisan pinyin paling sedikit terdiri dari satu suku kata, dan setiap suku
kata terdiri dari huruf vokal (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">声母</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/shēng
mǔ) dan huruf konsonan </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(韵母</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/yùn
mǔ</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan nada (</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">声调</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/
shēng diào) yang diletakkan di atas huruf vokal. Bentuk suku yin(</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拼音</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
itu Pinyin ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> kata pinyin dapat berupa huruf vokal saja
seperti : a, e, ai, ei, ao, ou, atau terdiri dari huruf konsonan dan vokal,
seperti : ba, mu, na, le, ti dan dapat juga terdiri dari huruf vokal dan
konsonan, seperti : en, er.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.3
Cara Melafalkan Pinyin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pinyin memiliki vokal dan konsonan. Cara pelafalan vokal
lebih kurang sama dengan pelafalan vokal dalam bahasa Indonesia, namun untuk
konsonan memiliki perbedaan yang cukup jauh dengan bahasa Indonesia, berikut
adalah bentuk konsonan dalam Pinyin :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Suara bibir
(bilabial) : b p m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Suara gigi atas dan
bibir bawah (labio dental) : f<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Suara ujung Lidah
(apico dental) : d t n l<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Suara pangkal lidah
(dorso velar) : g k h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Suara badan lidah :
j q x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Suara lidah ditekuk
ke langit-langit mulut (apico palatal) : zh ch sh r<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Suara lidah pada
gigi depan bagian dalam (lamino dental) : z c s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.4 Vokal Bahasa
Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Vokal dalam pinyin memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan vokal
dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Vokal dalam pinyin juga memiliki vokal tunggal, vokal
ganda dan vokal dengung/nasal. Berikut adalah penjelasan mengenai cara pelafalan
vokal pinyin :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">o. Vokal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Pelafalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. a dilafalkan
a, seperti dalam kata “aku”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. i dilafalkan
i, seperti dalam kata “ibu”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. u dilafalkan
u, seperti dalam kata “udara”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. e dilafalkan
e, seperti dalam kata “entah”, dan dapat dilafalkan seperti e dalam kata “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. o dilafalkan
o, seperti dalam kata “orang”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. ü disebut
sebagai ü umlaut, pengucapannya terlebih dahulu lafalkan vokal i, kemudian
rubah posisi mulut menjadi vokal u.Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. ai lafalkan
vokal a terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal i.
seperti “ai” dalam kata “belai”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. ei lafalkan
vokal e terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal i.
seperti “ei” dalam kata “hei!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9. ao lafalkan
vokal a terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal o.
seperti “ao” dalam kata “row” bahasa Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10. ou lafalkan
vokal o terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal u.
seperti “ou” dalam kata “o..ow!!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11. ia lafalkan
vokal i terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal a.
seperti “ia” dalam kata “ya!!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12. ie lafalkan
vokal i terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal e dalam
kata “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13. iao lafalkan
vokal i terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal ao.
seperti dalam lafal “yao”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14. ua lafalkan
vokal u terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal a.
seperti dalam lafal “wa”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15. uo lafalkan
vokal u terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal o.
seperti dalam lafal “wo”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16. uai lafalkan
vokal u terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal ai.
seperti dalam lafal “wai”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17. üe lafalkan
vokal ü terlebih dahulu, lalu posisi mulut diubah menjadi lafal vokal e dalam
kata “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">18. an lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “anjing”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19. en lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “entah”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20. ang lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “angka”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21. eng lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “enggak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22. ong lafalkan
vokal o terlebih dahulu lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan eng.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">23. ian=ien lafalkan
vokal i terlebih dahulu lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal an yang
dilafalkan seperti kata en dalam “enak”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24. in lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “internet”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25. iang lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “yang”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">26. ing lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “inggris”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">27. iong=iung lafalkan
vokal i terlebih dahulu lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal ong.
lafalkan seperti yung dalam kata “gayung”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28. uan lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “awan”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">29. uang lafalkan
seperti dalam kata “uang”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30. ueng lafalkan
seperti dalam lafal “weng”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">31. üan lafalkan
vokal ü terlebih dahulu lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal an<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">32. ün lafalkan
vokal ü terlebih dahulu lalu tanpa merubah posisi mulut, lafalkan vokal en<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bab
ini berisi kesimpulan dari hasil analisis bab-bab sebelumnya. Serta saran untuk
menjadikan langkah lebih maju dan lebih baik dalam menganalisi suatu masalah.
Berdasarkan pembahasan bab sebelumnya, dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila terjadi
kesalahan dalam posisi pelafalan dan cara pelafalan, maka lafal yang dihasilkan
akan kurang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan antara
keduanya adalah pada saat pelafalannya, konsonan aspirasi disertai dengan
dorongan udara dari mulut, sedangkan konsonan non-aspirasi tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelafalan vokal lebih
kurang sama dengan pelafalan vokal dalam bahasa Indonesia, namun untuk konsonan
memiliki perbedaan yang cukup jauh dengan bahasa Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunyi bahasa atau bunyi
ujaran adalah satuan bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa harus
mendapat perhatian lebih pada pelajaran bahasa Mandarin, khususnya tentang
pelafalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dosen bahasa Mandarin
Universitas Widya Kartika harus sering memberikan banyak latihan pada
pelafalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Media yang digunakan
dalam proses pembelajaran hendaknya lebih bervariasi agar motivasi belajar
mahasiswa dalam bidang pelafalan meningkat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-39616379345700642782014-12-17T20:38:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:38:35.952-08:00PENGARUH PINYIN TERHADAP PELAFALAN BAHASA MANDARIN PADA SISWA KELAS 4 SD SURABAYA<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa Mandarin
adalahbahasanomorsatudidunia. Terkenaldengankeunikanbahasanya. Bahasa mandarin
merupakanbahasa yang paling banyakdituturkan orang di seluruhdunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengaruh Pinyin
terhadappelafalanbahasa mandarin merupakansesuatuhal yang harus di pelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Permasalahaninisangatberdampakpositifbagi
para siswa, khususnyakelas 4 SD dalammempelajariBahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">RUMUSAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.Apapengaruh pinyin terhadappelafalanBahasa
Mandarin ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2.Mengapa pinyin sangatberpengaruhdalambahasa
mandarin ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.BagaimanacarabelajarBahasa Mandarin denganbaik ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TUJUAN PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Untukmengetahuitentangpengaruh
pinyin terhadappelafalanBahasa Mandarinpadasiswakelas 4 SD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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pinyin terhadappelafalanBahasa Mandarin padasiswakelas 4 SD.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mengapapinyin
berpengaruhpadapelafalanBahasaMandarinSeiringdengankemajuandanperkembanganzaman,
Bahasa Mandarin telahmenjadibahasanomorsatudiduniadimanabahasainihampirmemenuhimasyarakat
di sekitar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa
Mandarin adalahbahasa yang munculpadaabad (21-tahun 256 sebelummasehi).
Saatitubahasa mandarin disebutdengan “Ya Yan” yang berartibahasaElegan.
dandipakaiolehBangsa China yang hidup di sepanjangsungaikuning (Huang He ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Padamasadinasti
Han (206 SM – 220 )bahasa “Ya Yan” disempurnakanlagidanbergantinamadengan “Tong
Yu” yang berartibahasapenghubung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kemudianpadamasadinasti
Tang dan Song ( 618 – 1270 ) bahasa “ Tong Yu”
direvisidandisempurnakanlagimenjadi“ zeng Yin” yang berartipelafalanstandart.
Padamasaini, kesusastraan china mengalamiperkembanganbesar-besaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sehinggadalamhalini,
mengapa pinyin sangatberpengaruhdalampelafalanBahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">3.1 <a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengaruh
pinyin terhadappelafalanBahasa Mandarinpadasiswakelas 4 SD Surabaya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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mandarin pengaruh pinyin sangatbesardalampelafalanBahasa Mandarin.
Dimanasetiaphanzi pinyin sangatberpengaruhpadapelafalansetiap kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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mempermudahuntukpelajaranBahasa Mandarin terutamapadapelafalanBahasa Mandarin.
Setiap pinyinselalauadapelafalannadanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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pinyin karnatanpa pinyin kitatidakbisamembacaataupunmelafalkan kata dalambahasa
mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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pinyin TerhadapPelafalanBahasa Mandarin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelas
4 SD Surabaya” dapatdisimpulkanbahwapinyin
sangatberpengaruhdalampelafalanbahasa mandarin terutamauntukmembacaHanzi
mandarin danpenulisan kata mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Mandarin karenapengaruh pinyin
sangatbesardalampelafalanBahasaMandarin.danharusbanyakmenghafalkosa kata
atauhanzi .sehinggakitabisamelafalkan pinyin bahasa mandarin denganbaik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Website :</span><a href="http://www.google/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">www.google</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">pengaruh
pinyin terhadappelafalanBahasa Mandarin.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-39291844249093606712014-12-17T20:37:00.003-08:002014-12-17T20:37:41.666-08:00ANALISA KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN “BA” dan “BEI” PADA KALIMAT BAGI MAHASISWA JURUSAN SATRA CHINA UNIVERSITAS WIDYA KARTIKA<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.1.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Latar Belakang Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam era globalisasi sekarang ini, bahasa China merupakan bahasa internasional kedua setelah bahasa Inggris.Hal ini menjadi penting bagi kita untuk dapat memahami dan mempelajari bahasa China.Dengan demikian semakin jelas bahwa penguasaan bahasa China merupakan hal yang sangat mendesak sekarang ini.Ini dapat terlihat dari semakin besarnya minat masyarakat, termasuk di antaranya warga Indonesia maupun warga asing untuk belajar tentang bahasa China.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Karena kebutuhan tersebut, maka dewasa ini banyak institusi atau perguruan tinggi yang menawarkan progam Sastra China dalam kurikulumnya.Penawaran progam yang bisa dibilang baru ini ternyata cukup mandapat animo yang baik dari masyarakat sehingga progam Sastra China mendapat banyak perhatian dari beberapa kalangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam mempelajari bahasa asing buksanlah hal yang mudah.Salah satunya adalah Bahasa China merupakan bahasa pengantar dalam progam Sastra China.Ada beberapa kesulitan yang dihadapi pelajar saat mempelajari bahasa China.Salah satunya adalah memahami kalimat atau struktur yang ada.Dalam sebuah kalimat ada begitu banyak komponen, sehingga seringkali kita bingung bagaimana menempatkan komponwn-komponen tersebut sehingga menjadi sebuah kalimat yang padu dan benar.Dalam skripsi ini, penulis membabarkan secara khusus tentang penggunaan “ba” dan “bei dalam sebuah kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Setelah penulis melakukan sebuah penelitian kepada mahasiswa Universitas Widya Kartika Surabaya jurusan Bahasa&Sastra China semester 1, penulis mendapati bahwa masih banyak mahasiswa yang kebingungan tentang penggunaan “ba” dan “bei” .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.2.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” pada kalimat bagi mahasiswa UWIKA. Untuk mewujudkannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bagaimana penggunakan kata ‘ba” dan “bei” pada kalimat yang benar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Apa faktor kesalahan penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” pada mahasiswa UWIKA?<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.3.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap penelitian pasti memiliki tujuan, begitu juga dengan skripsi ini, tujuan penulis melakukan penelitian analisa kesalahan penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” pada mahasiswa UWIKA adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Mengetahui bagaiaman penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” yang benar dalam kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Meneliti kesalahan penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” pada mahasiswa UWIKA jurusan sastra China semester 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.4.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Manfaat Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Memberikan gambaran tentang jenis kesalahan dalam penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” sehingga dapat dilakukan upaya-upaya untuk memperbaiki atau menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan yang serupa bagi mahasiswa program studi Sastra Mandarin Universitas Widya Kartika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Memberikan gambaran pada dosen (staf pengajar) tentang proses terjadinya kesalahan penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” sehingga dapat dicari atau dipilih metode pengajaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mahasiswa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Selain manfaat praktis diatas, penelitian ini juga diharapkan memberi manfaat secara teoritis yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menambah pengetahuan penulis dan pembaca untuk memperbaiki kesalahan pelafalan bahasa Mandarin yang kerap sering terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai bahan acuan dalam penelitian yang lebih lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.5.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ruang Lingkup Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Melihat bahwa penulis masih merupakan mahasiswa yang berstatus aktif sebagai mahasiswi Universitas Widya Kartika, maka akan ditemukan banyak kekurangan. Oleh sebab itu, penulis membatasi pembahasan agar ruang lingkup penelitian tidak semakin meluas. Penulis hanya meneliti:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata “ba” dan “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penggunaan “ba” dan “bei” dalam kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BAB 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">LANDASAN TEORI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.1. Pengertian kalimat “ba” dan “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kalimat “ba”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kalimat ba adalah kata kerja yang membawa frasa preposisi membentuk preposisi “ba” menjadi kata kerja adverbial. Kebanyakan dalam kalimat “ba”, objek preposisi “ba” dan kata kerja dari seluruh kalimat berada dalam hubungan kata kerja berobjek. Bentuk dasar dari kalimat “ba” adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">S+ “ba” + objek “ba” + kata kerja + unsur lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Selain harus mempunyai subjek, objek dan kata kerja, kalimat “ba” masih harus mempunyai komplemen unsur lain di belakang kata kerja serta mempunyai beberapa syarat terhadap objek dari kata kerja, kata kerja itu sendiri, komplemen, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kalimat “ba” merupakan salah satu jenis kalimat aktif.Dimana lazimnya subjek adalah pelaku kejadian, tetapi tidak sedikit subjek kata benda ini sulit dikatakan sebagai pelaku kejadian.Hal ini disebabkan karena pelaku di sini bukanlah orang, binatang maupun benda hidup atau benda yang alami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kerja yang ada dalam kalimat “ba” memiliki beberapa unsur yang berbeda. Unsur-unsur yang harus diperhatikan, antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Komplemen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata bantu “le” dan “zhe”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengulangan kata kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Objek tidak langsung berada di belakang kata kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Adverbial berada di depan kata kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika melihat dari segi arti maka objek “ba” memiliki arti yang sangat beragam.Ada objek yang hanya berstruktur kata kerja, objek bukan kata kerja, keterangan tempat, alat, bahan dan hubungan langsung dengan kejadian. Tetapi jika menunjukkan hubungan antara sebab dan akibat, objek “ba” akan selalu merupakan pelaku dari kata kerja itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Selain itu, ada urutan adverbial tersendiri dalam kalimat “ba”, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Terjadi peranan hubungan serta penegasan, kata sifat pengulangan yang menegaskan kata sifat “bu” dan “mei” biasanya diletakkan di depan huruf “ba”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Melukiskan sifat adverbial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Frasa preposisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kalimat “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kalimat “bei” adalah preposisi “bei” yang menunjukkan arti pasif yang terletak di depan kata kerja atau frasa preposisi yang membentuk “bei” sebagai adverbial. Subjek kalimat “bei” biasanya adalah penerima kata kerja sedangkan objek dari preposisi “bei” adalah pelaku kejadian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Struktur dasar kalimat “bei” adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penerima + preposisi “bei” + pelaku + kata kerja + unsur lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ada beberapa ciri khusus yang dapat kita cermati yang terkandung dalam kalimat “bei”, misalnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kerja kalimat “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.1.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata bantu “le” terletak di belakang kata kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.2.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Di belakang kata kerja terdapat komplemen hasil, komplemen arah, komplemen waktu, komplemen tingkat, komplemen kuantitas gerakan, komplemen frasa preposisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.3.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Di belakang kata kerja biasanyta diikuti objek dan di depan objek biasanya terdapat komplemen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.4.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Apabila dalam preposisi “bei” terdapat objek maka di belakang kata kerja adverbial bisa tidak menggunakan unsur lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Urutan adverbial unsur kalimat “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Berikut ini adalah kata kerja yang tidak bisa diubah menjadi kalimat “bei” : “shi”, “you”, “dang”, “xiang” “shuyu”, “de”, “qi”, “jiejin”, “likai”, “yikao”, “chansheng”, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.2. Penggunaan, persamaan dan perbedaan kalimat “ba” dan “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Berdasarkan Wikipedia kalimat “ba” digunakan dalam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dilihat dari segi fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam bahasa mandarin, dalam menceritakan atau menanyakan penggerak dalam menjalankan gerakan apapun, biasanya menggunakan pola kalimat “S-P” atau “S-P-O”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dilihat dari struktur kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saat kata kerja mempunyai 2 objek, satu menyatakan benda, yang satu lagi menyatakan kata kerja benda diletakkan kata keterangan tempat, kata benda dan preposisi “ba” harus diletakkan bersamaan di depan kata kerja, menyatakan kata keterangan tempat diletakkan di belakang kata kerjam di antara kata kerja dan kata keterangan tempat maish diletakkan komplemen hasil atau komplemen arah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kerja terdiri dari : “cheng”, “wei”, “zuo”, atau menjadikan “cheng”, “wei”, “zuo” sebagai komplemen hasil, sewaktu ada 2 objek, biasanya harus menggunakan “ba”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kerja yang membawa komplemen frasa preposisi, jika masih ada objek penerima, harus menggunakan “ba”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kerja sebagai “jiayi”, “~hua” atau di dalamnya terdapat kata kerja frasa tepat, jika ada objek penerima, harus menggunakan “ba”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika di depan kata kerja terdapat kata sifat yang menyatakan lingkup “dou”, “quan” atau sejenisnya mencakup objek penerima, maka harus menggunakan “ba”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika kata kerja mempunyai 2 objek, salah satunya (atau keduanya) objek lebih rumit, objek langsung dan preposisi “ba” diletakkan di belakang kata kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika kata kerja ada objek, juga ada kata sifat (atau frasa kata sifat), kata kerja (atau frasa kata kerja) menjadi komplemen gaya dan sikap (antara kata kerja dan komplemen yang tidak berada dalam hubungan sebab akibat) harus menggunakan “ba”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.3. Pengertian kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Kalimat “bei” menunjuk pada penerima gerakan, ini adalah prasyarat penggunaan kalimat “bei”.Kalimat “bei” terutama digunakan untuk menunjukkan penerima kejadian menerima segala macam gerakan yang menyebabkan perubahan.Salah satu yang paling sering ditemui adalah digunakan kepada penerima kejadian atau pembicara yang tidak gembira, penerima kerusakan atau kehilangan sesuatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Persamaan dan perbedaan kalimat “ba” dan kalimat “bei” adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan kedua jenis kalimat ini adalah kata benda yang pasti diletakkan di sebelah kiri: fungsi kalimat “ba” adalah memindahkan penerima kejadian di depan kata kerja, fungsi kalimat “bei” adalah memindahkan penerima kejadian di depan “bei”, di depan menjadi kalimat aktif, di belakang menjadi kalimat pasif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dilihat dari arti, kebanyakan kalimat “ba” menyatakan pelaku bagaiman mengatur atau mempengaruhi penerima, kalimat “bei” kebanyakan menyatakan kemalangan yang tidak semestinya. Jika kata kerja ada dua buah objek, salah satunya adalah objek keterangan tempat, biasanya menggunakan kalimat “ba”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedua jenis kalimat ini pada saat perubahan, kata benda di sebelah kiri biasanya menyatakan hal yang sudah pasti atau hal yang sudah diketahui. Dalam kalimat “ba”, objek “ba” tidak boleh menggunakan kata benda yang tidak pasti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kata kerja kalimat “ba” harus membawa objek, komplemen atau kata bantu lainnya, kata kerja tunggal tidak bisa menjadi kata kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menyatakan penyangkalan atau penegasan, “bu” atau “mei (you)” hanya bisa diletakkan di depan “ba” atau “bei”, tidak bisa diletakkan di belakang penyusun frasa preposisi “ba” atau “bei”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BAB 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.1. Klasifikasi Kesalahan para siswa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa kesalahan yang ditemukan penulis adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. pembelajar seringkali terkecoh dengan kalimat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.2. Alasan Pembelajar melakukan kesalahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa alasan yang ditemukan penulis setelah melakukan penelitian terhadap mahasiswa Universitas Widya Kartika jurusan Sastra China semester 1 adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengaruh Bahasa Ibu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengaruh Bahasa Ibu terhadap Bahasa kedua sangatlah besar, hal ini sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">banyak mempengaruhi gaya dan tata bahasa para pembelajar. Karena dari hasil pengamatan penulis ketahui bahwa, untuk pembelajar semua Bahasa Asing awalnya mereka menerjemahkan langsung suatu kalimat dari Bahasa Ibu mereka, sedangkan kita semua tahu bahwa semua bahasa asing memiliki tata bahasa yang berbeda satu dengan yang lain, termasuk terhadap bahasa ibu mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Faktor Pengajar dan Bahan Ajar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Faktor pengajar juga berperan dalam hal ini, seperti beberapa pengajar yang seringkali masih salah dalam penggunaan kata “ba” dan “bei” serta kurang jelas dalam penyampaian materi ini sehingga menyebabkan para pembelajar masih belum jelas akan penggunaan kedua kata ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pasangan kata yang berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tafsiran dalam kalimat yang jadi berbeda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Arti terjemahan yang sama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BAB 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.1. Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa Mandarin dan bahasa Indonesia merupakan dua bahasa yang berbeda, perbedaan yang mendasar dari kedua bahasa ini adalah kosa kata dan tata bahasa. Penulis memilih topik ini karena hal ini merupakan hal yang umum dan sering terjadi di masyarakat umum. Tujuan penulis meneliti ini adalah membantu para pembelajar bahasa mandarin untuk mudah menggunakan dan memahami kata “ba” dan “bei”. Penulis berharap penelitian ini dapat mengurangi tingkat kesalahan para pembelajar bahasa mandarin dalam menggunakan kata “ba” dan “bei”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk supaya hal ini dapat terjadi maka para pengajar bahasa mandarin harus memperhatikan metode mereka mengajar, pilihan buku teks yang tepat, dan melatih para pembelajar menggunakan bahasa mandarin saat pelajaran berlangsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.2. Saran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam aspek pembelajaran peran pengajar sangat besar untuk kemajuan siswa, sehingga diharapkan para pengajar dapat menjelaskan dengan jelas dan mengurangi kesalahan sekecil apapun, dan juga bagi pembelajar ada beberapa saran yang bisa digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mereka. Agar hal itu terlaksana, penulis mempunyai beberapa solusi, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Memberikan latihan intensif untuk kedua katra ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengubah kebiasaan saat di kelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengoreksi langsung jika siswa melakukan kesalahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09313565169914594386noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8316097323993524661.post-60028812437619611722014-12-17T20:34:00.002-08:002014-12-17T20:34:42.247-08:00Pengenalan Hanyu Pinyin sebagai Cara Baca Bantu Pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin di UWIKA Surabaya tahun 2014<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Tiongkok
adalah suatu Negara yang terletak di sebelah tenggara Asia, merupakan Negara
terbesar di Asia. Tidak hanya merupakan Negara terbesar, Tiongkok juga
merupakan Negara yang paling makmur saat ini, dengan penduduk yang terbilang
cukup padat. Selain itu, Tiongkok juga termasuk memiliki sejarah kebudayaan terlama
yaitu lebih dari 4000 tahun yang lalu. Tiongkok juga adalah suatu Negara dengan
populasi terbesar di dunia, jumlah penduduknya lebih dari 1,3 milyar jiwa.
Tiongkok sama dengan Indonesia, mempunyai banyak suku bangsa. Mayoritas penduduk
di Tiongkok adalah suku bangsa <i>Han </i>mencapai 93 % populasi. Karena Bahasa
<i>Han </i>merupakan Bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak di Tiongkok, maka Bahasa <i>Han
</i>menjadi Bahasa Nasional Tiongkok. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Kepadatan
penduduk Tiongkok yang luar biasa itu membuat sebagian warganya memutuskan
untuk migrasi ke Negara lain dengan harapan bisa lebih sukses di luar sana.
Orang-orang Tiongkok yang melakukan migrasi tersebar ke seluruh dunia. Ada yang
di Amerika, ada yang ke Inggris, ada yang ke Perancis, juga ada yang ke
Indonesia. Orang-orang yang migrasi itu disebut orang Tionghua. Orang Tionghua
keluar negeri untuk berusaha sambil membawa kebudayaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">yang
dimiliki termasuk Bahasa utama mereka, Bahasa Mandarin atau <i>Putonghua</i>.
Orang Tionghua di Indonesia khususnya di Solo mayoritas bekerja sebagai
pedagang, dan kebanyakan menjadi pedagang yang sukses. Kebudayaan serta
kedisiplinan yang tinggi menunjukkan bahwa orang Tiongkok / orang Tionghua
adalah orang-orang yang berkualitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Perkembangan
globalisasi dunia menyebabkan jarak satu tempat ke tempat yang lain semakin
lama semakin dekat. Tetapi harus ada satu alat penghubung, salah satunya adalah
Bahasa. Jika ada orang dari suatu Negara ingin berkomunikasi dengan orang dari
Negara lain, maka harus menyamakan alat penghubung mereka. Globalisasi dunia
juga menuntut manusia untuk menguasai banyak Bahasa. Semua orang mengetahui
Tiongkok adalah Negara yang sangat besar, dengan populasi penduduk terbanyak,
dan sudah tersebar di seluruh dunia, ini berarti Bahasa Tiongkok digunakan oleh
banyak orang di dunia. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak orang ingin menguasai Bahasa
Mandarin. Terkhusus di Indonesia, orang Tionghua yang tinggal di Negara ini
juga sangat banyak, akan tetapi ada banyak orang Tionghua sudah tidak bisa
menggunakan Bahasa Mandarin. Hal ini disebabkan pada masa Orde Baru, kegiatan
orang Tionghua sangat dibatasi termasuk perkembangan Bahasa Mandarin, jadi bisa
dikatakan orang yang bisa menguasai Bahasa Mandarin juga sangat terbatas.
Perubahan zaman membuat cara pandang pemerintahan berubah, orang-orang harus
menguasai banyak Bahasa internasional termasuk Bahasa Mandarin. Kini Bahasa
Mandarin merupakan Bahasa internasional kedua setelah Bahasa Inggris, jadi
menguasai Bahasa ini juga sangat penting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Carroll (2012)
dalam salah satu jurnal bisnis, menyatakan bahwa setelah bahasa Inggris maka
yang dibutuhkan adalah bahasa Mandarin karena jumlah pemakai bahasa Mandarin
lebih banyak. Lebih lanjut salah satu harian di China, Zhao Yanrong, pada
Desember 2011 merilis bahwa negara Amerika Serikat berkeinginan untuk mempelajari
Bahasa Mandarin. Hal ini dinyatakan oleh Carola Mc. Giffert (2011), seorang
direktur dari dewan penasehat senior di Departemen Pemerintahan Amerika
Serikat, Mc. Giffert menyatakan bahwa saat ini Amerika membutuhkan lebih banyak
lagi warga yang mampu berbahasa Mandarin baik yang berkaitan dengan
pemerintahan ataupun tidak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Di
Indonesia, Bahasa Mandarin juga semakin berkembang. Perkembangan itu dimulai
sejak jaman reformasi dimulai, tepatnya pada saat pemerintahan mantan Presiden
Indonesia yang keempat, presiden Abdurrahman Wahid, dimana budaya Tiongkok
diperbolehkan untuk kembali berkembang. Sejak saat itu, Bahasa Mandarin semakin
dipakai secara luas. Muncul berbagai lembaga untuk mengajarkan Bahasa Mandarin.
Selain itu, Bahasa Mandarin juga sudah mulai disisipkan sebagai salah satu mata
pelajaran di berbagai sekolah disamping Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Pendidikan
dan Sastra Bahasa Mandarin SI yang saat ini menjadi jurusan yang dikaji oleh
penulis merupakan salah satu jurusan di Fakultas Sastra di Universitas Widya
Kartika Surabaya yang cukup terkenal akan kualitas bahasa Mandarinnya di
wilayah surabaya. Dengan mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin diharapkan semua mahasiswa
akan mampu berkompetensi dan memiliki potensi dasar bagi mahasiswa untuk
mencari pekerjaan kelak setelah menyelesaikan perkuliahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Penulis
menganggap tanpa menggunakan pelafalan yang tepat, maka proses komunikasi tidak
akan berjalan dengan lancar. Karena tanpa pelafalan yang tepat, maka informasi
tidak akan diterima dengan baik. Oleh karena itu penulis merasa bagaimana cara
melafalkan yang tepat (<i>hanyu pinyin</i>) adalah pelajaran yang sangat
penting. Bahasa Mandarin tidak hanya untuk anak-anak muda, tetapi orang
dewasapun bisa mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin. Dari sinilah keunikan dari bahasa,
tidak mengenal usia dan bisa dipelajari oleh semua orang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1.2. Rumusan Masalah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Berdasarkan latar belakang yang sudah dijabarkan dengan
rinci di atas dapat ditemukan suatu rumusan masalah, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan hanyu pinyin dan bagaimana
penjabaran <i>hanyu pinyin</i>, dan apa saja
yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pembelajaran hanyu pinyin?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1.3. Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Untuk mendiskripsikan apa yang disebut dengan<i> hanyu pinyin</i> dan apa saja yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penulisan
dan pelafalan <i>hanyu pinyin </i>dengan
baik dan benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1.4. Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Setelah penulis melaksanakan penelitian secara
langsung di Universitas WIdya Kartika Surabaya selama kurang lebih 1 bulan,
penulis mendapatkan beberapa manfaat. Adapun beberapa manfaat yang didapatkan
dari penelitian tersebut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1. Manfaat Praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Penulis mendapatkan pengalaman mengenai cara
penulisan Skripsi/ Tugas Akhir yang baik dan benar sesuai dengan aturan yang
ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2. Manfaat Teoritik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Hasil penelitian yang berupa karya tulis ilmiah sederhana
ini diharapkan dapat memberikan tambahan pengetahuan tentang pembelajaran Bahasa
Mandarin, khususnya dalam pengenalan <i>hanzi</i>
dan <i>pinyin</i> sebagai kata bantu pelafalan
Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.1. Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Salah
satu Bahasa yang utama di dunia. Termasuk tata cara Bahasa Tibet dinasti <i>Han</i>,
dalam sistem Bahasa ini adalah Bahasa yang paling utama. Selain di daratan
Tiongkok dan propinsi Taiwan, Bahasa Mandarin juga tersebar di Singapura,
Malaysia. Ada kira-kira 940 juta orang yang menganggap Bahasa Mandarin sebagai Bahasa
ibu. Bahasa Mandarin merupakan salah satu Bahasa kerja kesatuan. Standar Bahasa
Mandarin menganggap logat yang digunakan para petinggi di sebelah utara selama
hampir ratusan tahun sebagai dasar pembentuknya. Lafal standarnya adalah lafal
Beijing. Bahasa standar Mandarin di daratan China disebut <i>Putonghua</i>, di
Taiwan disebut <i>Guoyu</i>, di Singapura dan Malaysia disebut <i>Huayu.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf
Mandarin adalah huruf yang berbentuk menyerupai gambar, hal ini menyebabkan
sangat susah untuk dilafalkan dengan tepat, oleh karena itu pada tahun 1954, <b><i>Asosiasi
Reformasi Huruf Tiongkok</i></b> menetapkan sistem simbol cara baca huruf
Mandarin (<i>hanyu pinyin</i>) dengan menggunakan huruf Latin untuk mempermudah
mengingat dan melafalkan Bahasa Mandarin dengan tepat. <i>Hanyu pinyin </i>terdiri
atas tiga bagian penting, yaitu <i>initial, final </i>dan nada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Initial </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">adalah bagian
terdepan dari suatu suku kata, sedangkan <i>final </i>adalah bagian
belakangnya. Dalam <i>hanyu pinyin </i>ada 21 <i>initial </i>dan 35<i> final</i>.
Nada adalah tinggi rendahnya mengucapkan suku kata, ada 4 nada<i> </i>dasar,
Nada digunakan untuk membedakan makna kata.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.2
Pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Suku
kata Bahasa Mandarin dibedakan menjadi 3 bagian; <i>initial, final </i>dan
nada. Lafal awal adalah <i>initial</i>, bagian yang lain adalah<i> final</i>,
nada adalah seluruh tinggi rendahnya suara. Nada juga<i> </i>dianggap sebagai
bagian yang membentuk suku kata, karena nada<i> </i>berfungsi untuk membedakan
makna dalam Bahasa Mandarin..<i> </i>contoh “<b><i>t</i></b></span><b><i><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ā</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ng,
táng, t</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ă</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ng, tàng</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”
4 huruf ini <i>initial </i>semuanya [tang],<i> finalnya </i>semuanya [ang]
(dalam tanda kurung adalah tanda<i> </i>internasional, tanda internasional
dalam daftar dihilangkan), hanya<i> </i>karena nada berbeda, makna tentu tidak
sama, masing-masing<i> </i>mewakili 4 sifat yang berbeda dalam Bahasa Mandarin
(minimal<i> </i>ada satuan Bahasa yang bermakna), dalam penulisannya menjadi 4
huruf yang berbeda. Sejak tahun 1918 ketika itu <i>ponetik </i>alfabet nasional
Bahasa<i> </i>Mandarin yang dikeluarkan departemen pendidikan menggunakan1 set
alfabet cara baca yang dirumuskan berbentuk huruf <i>Han</i>. 1 set<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">alfabet
ini vokal yang utama dan suara akhir digabung menggunakan sebuah indikasi tanda
(contoh </span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:ㄠ=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[au]</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,ㄢ=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> [an] </span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, mencerminkan tradisi dua jiwa, yaitu <i>initial </i>dan
<i>final</i>. <i>Ponetik </i>alfabet tersebar luas dan merata, dampaknya sangat
besar.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bahasa
Mandarin adalah Bahasa yang bernada. Pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin pada dasarnya
ada 4. Masing-masing menggunakan tanda nada yang dinyatakan : “</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ˉ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">nada 1</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, ”</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ˊ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">” (nada 2</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ˇ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">” (nada 3)</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ˋ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">nada 4</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. Nada digunakan untuk membedakan makna kata.<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dalam
<i>Hanyu Pinyin </i>ada pengucapan sukukata yang ringan juga pendek, yang
disebut nada ringan/netral. Penulisan nada netral tidak ditunjukkan dengan
simbol, misalnya: </span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">爸爸(</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">bàba</span></i><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),他们</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t<span lang="KO">ā</span>men</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">) Nada ketiga yang
diletakkan bersama-sama, nada suku kata yang di depan berubah menjadi nada
kedua (simbol nada tetap menggunakan </span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“ˇ”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">), misalnya :“</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">好</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">n</span></i><i><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ǐ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h<span lang="KO">ă</span>o)<span lang="KO">“ </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">dalam pengucapannya menjadi </span><i><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span></i><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">í</span></i><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h<span lang="KO">ă</span>o<span lang="KO">”</span>.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.3. Hanyu Pinyin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Hanyu Pinyin</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">, Siapa yang
menciptakan <i>Hanyu Pinyin</i>? Dahulu kala dalam pengucapan lafal huruf <i>Han
</i>kebanyakan menggunakan cara baca “<b><i>dua huruf yang sesuai</i></b>”.
Contoh : “</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">东</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">” (semua
setuju). Cara ini jelas terlalu sepele, susah membaca yang standar. Tahun 1610
Masehi, seorang Misionaris Perancis datang ke Tiongkok, dia adalah penghubung
Tiongkok. Tahun 1626 dia menulis sebuah Buku [<b><i>biaya pengetahuan
Confusianism Barat tengah</i></b>], pertama-tama mencatat pengucapan huruf <i>Han </i>menggunakan
alfabet kombinasi dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">huruf
Latin. Selama di Tiongkok dia berkenalan dengan Hanyun, seorang raja petualang
yang berkelas, menggabungkan pertolongan mereka dengan dasar buku barat <i>ponetik
</i>Bahasa Mandarin Misionaris<i>
Limadoudeng</i> [<b><i>keajaiban huruf barat</i></b>], menyusun buku Tiongkok bagian
pertama yang diubah dalam glosarium kombinasi huruf Latin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Konsep
<i>hanyu pinyin </i>yang pertama bisa dilacak kembali sampai pada dialek <b><i>Zhuwen
</i></b>(alfabet baru Propinsi JiangSu) tahun 1906 dan <b><i>Liu Mengyang</i></b>
(kamus <i>ponetik </i>simbol Tiongkok) tahun 1908, masih ada lagi huruf Romawi
dalam Bahasa Ibu tahun 1926 dan huruf Tiongkok yang diubah dalam huruf Latin
tahun 1931. beberapa konsep perubahan huruf <i>Han </i>(<i>Hanzi</i>) ke dalam
huruf Latin yang dimiliki ini semuanya untuk menetapkan pengadaan dasar <i>hanyu
pinyin</i>. Pada tahun 1954, Asosiasi Reformasi Huruf Tiongkok berubah menjadi
Komite Reformasi huruf Mandarin Departemen Luar Negeri yang langsung. Saat dia
menerima konsep <i>hanyu pinyin </i>sebanyak 1600 buah. Kurang lebih ada
beberapa bentuk yang seperti: model guratan <i>Hanzi</i>, model huruf latin,
model huruf Slavia, beberapa model huruf campuran, model stenografi, model
desain, bentuk angka. Dan akhirnya ditetapkan menggunakan huruf Latin yang
dijadikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">sistem
simbol <i>hanyu pinyin</i>, agar terjadi tukar menukar dan kerjasama
Internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.4. Huruf Han<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sejak
kini kita bisa melihat paling awal data yang tulisannya berkelompok – tulisan
yang yang ditulis dalam batok kura-kura atau tulang diperkirakan muncul pada
zaman pemerintahan dinasti <i>Shang, </i>sejarah huruf <i>Han </i>sudah ada
selama 3000 tahun. Karena tulisan yang ditulis dalam batok kura-kura atau
tulang dari hewan-hewan buruan, maka dari itu kita bisa menarik kesimpulan
munculnya huruf <i>Han </i>pasti jauh sejak 3000 tahun yang lalu. perkembangan
huruf <i>Han </i>bisa kita bedakan menjadi dua tahap besar. Sejak tulisan dalam
batok kura-kura dinasti <i>Shang </i>sampai bentuk kaligrafi zaman dinasti <i>Qing
</i>adalah satu tahap, sejak masa pemerintahan dinasti <i>Qin </i>dan <i>Han </i>kebawah
adalah satu tahap yang lain. Tulisan kuno termasuk kategori yang terlebih
dahulu, tulisan modern termasuk kategori yang selanjutnya. Intinya, struktur
huruf dari zaman dinasti sampai sekarang ini tidak mengalami perubahan yang
terlalu besar. Contoh dari huruf han yang paling mudah dikenali yaitu, </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人,马,大,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">dan masih banyak lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2.5. Struktur Bahasa Mandarin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bagian
dasar terbesar dari Bahasa dalam Bahasa Mandarin adalah suku kata (</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">手</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">│</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">洗</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">│</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">│</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">失</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">suku kata dan suku kata berkombinasi menjadi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">kata </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(马+路</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">马路</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">│</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开+关</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">→</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开关)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ada suku kata yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kata (</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">手,洗</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ada suku kata
yang tidak bisa berdiri sebagai kata, hanya bisa membentuk kata majemuk dengan
bergabung dengan suku kata yang lain (</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">民</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">→</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人民</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">│</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">失</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">→</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">丧失)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">.
Dalam Bahasa Mandarin modern proporsi sepasang suku kata merupakan yang paling
besar. Sebagian besar pasangan suku kata tergantung pola majemuk pembentuknya
yang terletak di depannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
sudah mengenal dan menguasai pinyin, ini saatnya untuk belajar mengenal dan
menguasai <i>Hanzi</i>. Menulis huruf Han
atau <i>Hanzi </i>tidak bisa sembarangan.
Aturan menulis <i>Hanzi </i>ada dua, yaitu<i> Bihua</i> dan <i>Bishun</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• <i>Bihua
</i>atau guratan adalah unit terkecil dalam huruf Han, ada sekitar 30 jenis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• <i>Bishun</i>
adalah urutan menulis guratan untuk membentuk sebuah <i>hanzi</i>. Berikut aturan dasarnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Tulis </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">横</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> héng terlebih
dahulu, kemudian </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">竖</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> shù, misal : </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">十、干</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Tulis </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">撇</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> piě terlebih dahulu,
kemudian </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">捺</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> nà, misal </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">:</span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">人、八、入</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Tulis dari atas ke bawah, misal : </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">三、王、它</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Tulis dari kiri ke kanan, misal : </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">你、好、礼、他</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Tulis bagian luar terlebih dahulu,
kemudian bagian dalam, misal : </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">同、</span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: SimSun;">见、间</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Tulis bagian luar terlebih dahulu, kemudian
bagian dalam dan tutup, misal : </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">国、园、因</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Tulis tengah terlebih dahulu, kemudian
samping kiri kanan, misal : </span><span lang="KO" style="color: #333333; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Gothic";">小、水</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Aturan
tambahan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Titik di atas
atau di kiri atas, ditulis terlebih dahulu : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Gothic"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">衣、立、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">为</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-vertical-align-alt: auto; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Titik di kanan
atas atau di bawah, ditulis terakhir : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">发、犬、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">我</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf yang
mempunyai gabungan atas kiri atau atas kanan, tulis bagian luar terlebih
dahulu, kemudian bagian dalam : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">厅、座、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">屋</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf yang
mempunyai gabungan kiri dan bawah, tulis bagian dalam terlebih dahulu, kemudian
bagian luar : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">远、这、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">廷</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf yang mempunyai
gabungan kiri bawah dan kanan, tulis bagian dalam terlebih dahulu, kemudian
bagian luar : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">凶、画</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf yang
mempunyai gabungan kiri atas dan kanan, tulis bagian luar terlebih dahulu,
kemudian bagian dalam : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">同、用、</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: SimSun; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">风</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf yang
mempunyai gabungan kiri atas dan bawah, tulis bagian atas terlebih dahulu,
kemudian bagian dalam, terakhir kiri bawah : </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">医、巨、匠、区</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Mengajar atau memberikan pelajaran adalah suatu
proses interaksi antara guru dan murid dengan tujuan agar murid dapat menerima
ilmu, menguasai pengetahuan, memiliki ketrampilan dan kecakapan serta mempunyai
sikap dan nilai, yang topik-topik pelajarannya dipilih oleh guru. Dalam hal ini
guru sangatlah berperan dalam mendidik murid agar memperoleh ilmu
sebanyak-banyaknya dan membimbing muridnya menuju kesuksesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sejak penulis mengawali kegiatan belajar di Universitas
Widya Kartika Surabaya, penulis telah melakukan suatu penelitian dan pengamatan
terhadap metode-metode pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh para dosen khususnya
pada jurusan Pendidikan dan Sastra Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Para dosen menggunakan metode ceramah, metode tanya
jawab, dan memberikan berbagai macam latihan-latihan, baik latihan tertulis
ataupun lisan. Tetapi para dosen lebih sering menggunakan metode tanya jawab
sebab sangat membantu mahasiswa dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Secara garis
besar masalah pembelajaran yang dihadapi mahasiswa yaitu masalah <i>hanzi </i>dan<i> pinyin</i> dan secara khusus adalah tentang pelafalan dasar Bahasa
Mandarin yang sama sekali belum pernah didengar oleh mahasiswa sehingga untuk
memulai pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin para dosen menggunakan <i>Hanyu Pinyin</i> sebagai dasar dan cara
bantu dalam mempelajarinya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Tetapi dengan dorongan semangat dan masukan-masukan
positif dari para dosen maka sedikit demi sedikit mahasiswa mulai ada respon
positif dan semakin termotivasi untuk mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin. Dengan
pengulangan materi awal maka mahasiswa mulai timbul minat belajar dan terbiasa
dengan pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin. Karena pelajaran Bahasa merupakan pelajaran
yang harus sering dibiasakan dan sering diucapkan. Maka proses belajar mengajar
di kelas menerapkan sistem lisan, jadi pada dosen langsung bisa mendengar
bentuk kendala-kendala yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam menghadapi pelajaran Bahasa
Mandarin. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, para dosen sering meluangkan waktu
pembelajaran untuk mempersilahkan para mahasiswa untuk bertanya apa saja yang kurang
dimengerti berkaitan dengan mata kuliah khususnya dalam mata kuliah Bahasa
Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Huruf
Mandarin adalah huruf yang berbentuk menyerupai gambar, hal ini menyebabkan
sangat susah untuk dilafalkan dengan tepat, oleh karena itu pada tahun 1954, <b><i>Asosiasi
Reformasi Huruf Tiongkok</i></b> menetapkan sistem simbol cara baca huruf
Mandarin (<i>hanyu pinyin</i>) dengan menggunakan huruf Latin untuk mempermudah
mengingat dan melafalkan Bahasa Mandarin dengan tepat. Penggunaan <i>hanyu
pinyin </i>sebagai dasar pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin sangat perlu digunakan
karena <i>hanyu pinyin </i>adalah cara bantu yang mempermudah dalam mempelajari
Bahasa Mandarin. Dengan <i>hanyu</i> <i>pinyin </i>kita juga lebih mudah
menemukan informasi dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin. Penerapannya adalah
dengan menggunakan <i>hanyu pinyin </i>untuk membaca huruf <i>hanzi</i> dalam belajar Bahasa Mandarin. Banyak orang yang sering
melalaikan dan menganggap <i>hanyu pinyin </i>kurang
penting. Padahal justru <i>hanyu pinyin</i>lah
dasar dari pokok pelajaran Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4.2.
Saran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Saat
ini Bahasa Mandarin sudah menjadi Bahasa Nasional kedua setelah Bahasa Inggris
didunia. Maka dari itu penting bagi kita untuk mempelajari Bahasa Mandarin agar
di masa yang akan datang kita tidak akan mengalami kesulitan berkompetisi dalam
dunia pekerjaan.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Selain itu, Bahasa juga menjadi
sarana komunikasi yang paling penting. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Penulis
menganggap tanpa menggunakan pelafalan yang tepat, maka proses komunikasi tidak
akan berjalan dengan lancar. Karena tanpa pelafalan yang tepat, maka informasi
tidak akan diterima dengan baik. Oleh karena itu penulis merasa bagaimana cara
melafalkan yang tepat (<i>hanyu pinyin</i>) adalah pelajaran yang sangat penting.
Jika pembaca ingin belajar Bahasa Mandarin, jangan lupa untuk menguasai <i>hanyu
pinyin </i>terlebih dahulu, sebab <i>hanyu pinyin </i>adalah dasar yang sangat
penting untuk dikuasai sebelum akan mendalami Bahasa Mandarin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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